One night of sleep deprivation induces release of small extracellular vesicles into circulation and promotes platelet activation by small EVs

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as key players in intercellular communication. Few studies have focused on EV levels in subjects with sleep disorders. Here, we aimed to explore the role of acute sleep deprivation on the quantity and functionality of circulating EVs, and their tissue distribution. EVs were isolated by ultracentrifugation from the plasma of volunteers and animals undergoing one night of sleep deprivation. Arterio‐venous shunt, FeCl₃ thrombus test and thrombin‐induced platelet aggregation assay were conducted to evaluate the in vivo and in vitro bioactivity of small EVs. Western blotting was performed to measure the expression of EV proteins. The fate and distribution of circulating small EVs were determined by intravital imaging. We found that one night of sleep deprivation triggers release of small EVs into the circulation in both healthy individuals and animals. Injection of sleep deprivation‐liberated small EVs into animals increased thrombus formation and weight in thrombosis models. Also, sleep deprivation‐liberated small EVs promoted platelet aggregation induced by thrombin. Mechanistically, sleep deprivation increased the levels of HMGB1 protein in small EVs, which play important roles in platelet activation. Furthermore, we found sleep deprivation‐liberated small EVs are more readily localize in the liver. These data suggested that one night of sleep deprivation is a stress for small EV release, and small EVs released here may increase the risk of thrombosis. Further, small EVs may be implicated in long distance signalling during sleep deprivation‐mediated adaptation processes.     

Positional behavior and canopy use of black snub-nosed monkeys Rhinopithecus strykeri in the Gaoligong Mountains,Yunnan, China

Studies on positional behavior and canopy use are essential for understanding how arboreal animals adapt their morphological characteristics and behaviors to the challenges of their environment. This study explores canopy and substrate use along with positional behavior in adult black snub-nosed monkeys Rhinopithecus strykeri, an endemic, critically endangered primate species in Gaoligong Mountains, southwest China. Using continuous focal animal sampling, we collected data over a 52-month period and found that R. strykeri is highly arboreal primarily using the high layers of the forest canopy (15–30 m), along with the terminal zone of tree crowns (52.9%), medium substrates (41.5%), and oblique substrates (56.8%). We also found sex differences in canopy and substrate use. Females use the terminal zones (56.7% versus 40.4%), small/medium (77.7% versus 60.1%), and oblique (59.9% versus 46.5%) substrates significantly more than males. On the other hand, males spend more time on large/very large (39.9% versus 22.3%) and horizontal (49.7% versus 35.2%) substrates. Whereas both sexes mainly sit (84.7%), and stand quadrupedally (9.1%), males stand quadrupedally (11.5% versus 8.3%), and bipedally (2.9% versus 0.8%) more often than females. Clamber, quadrupedalism, and leap/drop are the main locomotor modes for both sexes. Rhinopithecus strykeri populations never enter canopies of degenerated secondary forest and mainly use terminal branches in the middle and upper layers of canopies in intact mid-montane moist evergreen broadleaf forest and hemlock coniferous broadleaf mixed forests across their habitat.     

柑橘木虱蜜露排泄机制:进展与展望

半翅目昆虫柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri是柑橘类果树重要害虫,主要以高渗透压的植物韧皮部汁液为食,是柑橘毁灭性病害——柑橘黄龙病(HLB)的主要传播媒介。柑橘木虱取食韧皮部汁液时自身进化出一套完整的渗透调节机制调节其体内渗透压,将体内过量摄入的糖类转化成长链寡糖并以蜜露形式排出体外。本文从柑橘木虱蜜露排泄行为、蜜露组成成分以及影响蜜露排泄的多个因素进行了论述,同时综述了可能参与柑橘木虱蜜露排泄行为的渗透调节基因。研究表明,柑橘木虱雌雄成虫及若虫在蜜露排泄行为上存在显著差异,且排泄的蜜露在颜色、纹路及组成成分方面均有不同;寄主植物、杀虫剂、病原微生物及天敌化合物均会影响柑橘木虱蜜露排泄行为。分子机制探究发现,α-葡萄糖苷水解酶、水通道蛋白及糖基转移酶基因等关键渗透调节基因可能参与调控柑橘木虱蜜露排泄行为。本文可为未来有关柑橘木虱蜜露排泄行为方面的研究以及为研制柑橘木虱防治新型药剂开发新靶标提供参考。     

卫星土壤水分产品在青藏高原地区的适用性评价

为了分析土壤水分产品在青藏高原地区的可靠性和适用性,利用青藏高原地区地下5 cm深度的地面实测土壤水分数据,结合多种评价指标(相关系数R、均方根误差RMSE、偏差Bias和无偏均方根误差ubRMSE)对土壤水分主动-被动探测卫星(SMAP)、高级微波扫描辐射计2(AMSR2)、风云三号(FY-3B)土壤水分产品,从时间和空间两个方面进行了适用性研究。结果表明:(1)土壤水分产品均能反映青藏高原的土壤水分变化,在降水较多的季节,三种产品精度均有不同程度的下降。(2)土壤水分产品在夏季和秋季反演效果好于冬季和春季,并且在秋季与实测值更接近。其中,SMAP产品在各个区域都能反映土壤水分的季节变化趋势,并普遍在夏季高估、冬季低估;AMSR2产品在夏季低估,冬季明显高估;FY-3B产品在夏季普遍低估。(3)土壤水分产品在那曲和狮泉河地区反演结果较好,在那曲地区与实测值相关性最高;在玛曲地区表现出较大的不确定性,虽然相关系数较高,但RMSE和Bias同样较高,整体精度较差;SMAP产品在阿里地区满足目标精度。综合来看,SMAP产品在青藏高原地区反演结果较为稳定,受气候和环境的影响较小,具有相对较大...     

绵羊粒细胞集落刺激因子原核表达与提纯及用于颗粒细胞培养的效果

文中旨在研究粒细胞集落刺激因子(Granule cell stimulating factor,GCSF)对绵羊颗粒细胞体外培养过程中细胞增殖和凋亡的影响,明确GCSF对绵羊颗粒细胞生存的调节作用,为今后该蛋白用于羊繁育方面的研究奠定基础。原核克隆表达纯化羊GCSF蛋白,纯化的蛋白用M-NSF60细胞检测生物学活性,将纯化的GCSF添加到颗粒细胞培养基中作为试验组,以培养基中未添加GCSF的细胞为对照,利用Alarmarblue检测细胞增殖情况,流式细胞仪检测细胞周期和凋亡的变化。结果表明,羊GCSF可以原核表达并纯化,并且具有生物学活性。在24 h和48 h时,在0.06–600 ng/mL的范围内随着加入GCSF的终浓度增加,细胞活力升高。试验组颗粒细胞体外培养24 h后,与阴性对照相比,细胞周期的分布显著改变,S期细胞比例显著减少(P<0.05),G2/M期细胞比例显著增多(P<0.05)。试验组凋亡率和对照组相比,48 h检测时凋亡率显著降低(P<0.05)。综上表明,GCSF在体外培养的绵羊颗粒细胞中,可调控绵羊颗粒细胞周期,促进细胞增殖,抑制细胞凋亡。     

口蹄疫病毒非结构蛋白3AB双抗体夹心ELISA方法的建立

抗原纯净度是口蹄疫(Foot-and-mouthdisease,FMD)灭活疫苗质量检验的一项重要内容,一般采用疫苗2–3次免疫动物后,检测非结构蛋白(Non-structuralprotein,NSP)抗体是否阳转,判断疫苗抗原的纯净度。文中旨在建立定量检测FMD灭活疫苗抗原中NSP3AB含量的ELISA方法,为疫苗质量控制提供参考方法。利用口蹄疫病毒(Foot-and-mouthdiseasevirus,FMDV)NSP3A单克隆抗体和辣根过氧化物酶(Horseradish peroxidase,HRP)标记的3B单克隆抗体,建立定量检测NSP3AB含量的双抗体夹心ELISA检测方法。采用原核表达并纯化的3AB蛋白作为标准品,标准品系列稀释,绘制标准曲线,以标准品与未加抗原的阴性对照吸光值(OD)的比值大于2.0的标准品最低浓度为最低检测限。标准品浓度介于4.7–600.0 ng/mL之间时,测得的OD值与浓度呈线性相关,回归曲线呈直线,相关系数R2=0.99,确定最低检测限为4.7ng/mL。检测12份未纯化灭活抗原中3AB蛋白含量介于9.3–200.0ng/mL之间;而纯化后的...     

肠膜明串珠菌蔗糖磷酸化酶的酶学表征及在催化合成α-熊果苷中的应用

将来源于肠膜明串珠菌Leuconostoc mesenteroides ATCC 12291的蔗糖磷酸化酶(Sucrose phosphorylase,SPase)基因进行密码子优化后将其插入到pET-28a中构建表达载体pET-28a-spase,诱导大肠杆菌Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)/pET-28a-spase表达制得SPase粗酶液,将重组SPase纯化后进行酶学表征。结果表明,重组SPase的比酶活为213.98 U/mg,纯化倍数为1.47倍,酶活回收率达87.80%。该酶最适温度为45℃,最适pH为6.5,该酶对蔗糖的Km为128.8 mmol/L,Vmax为2.167μmol/(mL·min),kcat为39 237.86 min-1,利用重组SPase催化氢醌合成α-熊果苷,最优条件为:氢醌添加量为40 g/L,蔗糖/氢醌的摩尔比为5:1,重组SPase 250 U/mL。在25 mmol/L的吗啉乙磺酸(MES)缓冲液(pH 7.0)中,反应温度30℃,避光反应24 h后终止反应,再用500 U/mL的糖化酶40℃处理2.5 h。α-熊果苷产...     

重组枯草芽孢杆菌全细胞催化合成2-O-α-D-甘油葡糖苷

2-O-α-D-甘油葡糖苷是一种在食品、化妆品、保健品及医药领域有着重大应用前景的高附加值产品,但国内仍未实现2-O-α-D-甘油葡糖苷的工业化生产,且鲜有关于2-O-α-D-甘油葡糖苷合成的相关报道。文中旨在开发一种利用食品安全级重组枯草芽孢杆菌全细胞催化合成2-O-α-D-甘油葡糖苷的方法,通过构建一株异源表达肠膜明串珠菌蔗糖磷酸化酶(Sucrose phosphorylase,SPase)的重组枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis 168/pMA5-gtfA,并将其用作全细胞催化剂合成2-O-α-D-甘油葡糖苷,通过优化培养温度、时间及全细胞转化条件,提高其转化合成2-O-α-D-甘油葡糖苷的产量。结果表明,重组枯草芽孢杆菌B. subtilis 168/pMA5-gtfA在30℃下培养20 h,菌体裂解物酶活力最大达1.43 U/mL,并且在1 mol/L蔗糖、2.5 mol/L甘油、pH 7.0、菌体OD600为40、30℃下全细胞转化反应48h,共生成2-O-α-D-甘油葡糖苷189.3g/L,平均转化速率为15.6mmol/(L·h),蔗糖转化率约为75.1%,...     

二氢乳清酸脱氢酶的结构特征和催化循环研究进展

二氢乳清酸脱氢酶是黄素依赖的线粒体酶,它催化嘧啶从头合成的第4步反应,将二氢乳清酸氧化为乳清酸。通过选择性抑制二氢乳清酸脱氢酶,从而抑制嘧啶的合成,已被开发用于治疗癌症、自身免疫性疾病、细菌或病毒感染以及寄生虫疾病等。抑制剂的开发需详细了解二氢乳清酸脱氢酶的结构特征和催化循环机制。因此,文中主要从这两个方面进行了综述,并展望了该酶的抑制剂在临床应用中的前景。     

人乳寡糖2’-FL和3-FL的生物制备研究进展

人乳寡糖(Human milk oligosaccharides,HMO)是母乳中重要的免疫活性成分,对婴幼儿健康起到显著促进作用。2’-岩藻糖基乳糖(2’-FL)是HMO的主要组分,极具应用价值,3-岩藻糖基乳糖(3-FL)与2’-FL的合成途径相似,两者的研究具有相互借鉴意义,近年来针对它们的研究取得了较多进展。以微生物细胞工厂为核心理念的新型生物合成途径有望将2’-FL和3-FL产业化,未来将对乳制品行业产生重要的影响。文中综述了生物技术制备2’-FL和3-FL的最新研究进展,并对未来发展趋势进行了展望。