持续电刺激家兔包钦格复合体膈神经放电的观察

目的观察长时持续电刺激家兔Btzinger复合体(Bt.C)对膈神经放电的影响。方法采用10～50μA,40～100Hz,波宽0.3ms的刺激参数,对30只家兔Bt.C进行15～30s的刺激。结果刺激期间,出现膈神经放电的抑制或“切断”,即吸气相减弱或消失;随刺激强度和频率的增加,膈神经放电被抑制的程度逐渐增强;刺激Bt.C所致的吸气抑制存在“习惯化”现象,表现为一定刺激范围内,随刺激时间的延长,膈神经放电积分幅度呈“阶梯”状逐步上升;停止刺激后出现膈神经放电的“反弹”,主要表现为放电幅度明显升高,而后逐渐恢复正常;膈神经放电的“习惯化”具有一定的短时记忆效应。结论非联合性学习和记忆形式存在于Bt.C对呼吸的调节中,与Bt.C有关的神经元突触在功能上具有一定的可塑性。     

PH结构域研究进展

ＰＨ结构域是一种新发现的约由１００￣１２０个氨基酸残基组成的功能性结构域,广泛分布于单细胞生物和无脊椎、脊椎动物及人的细胞骨架蛋白和信号分子等１００多种蛋白中,能与脂类、Ｇ蛋白的βγ亚单位、ＰＫＣ等配体相结合,推测其对蛋白质具有细胞和亚细胞水平的膜定位作用,并参与调节宿主蛋白 活性,从而介导信号转导过程中的蛋白南－脂类、蛋白质－蛋白质之间的相互作用。     

Expression analysis of the NDRG2 gene in mouse embryonic and adult tissues

N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) is believed to be involved in cell growth events. However, its exact function is still unknown. To elucidate the role of this gene, we used an anti-Ndrg2 monoclonal antibody in immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence assays to analyze the expression pattern of Ndrg2 protein in mouse embryos at various gestational ages and in a variety of adult mouse tissues. Ndrg2 immunoreactivity was generally localized to the cytoplasm. During mouse development, Ndrg2 expression was observed in many developing tissues and organs including the heart, brain, lung, gut, liver, kidney, skeletal muscle, cartilage, chorion, epidermis, and whisker follicles. Ndrg2 expression was developmentally dynamic, being generally lower in the early stages of development and markedly increasing during later stages. Ndrg2 expression was also observed in a variety of adult mouse tissues, particularly in the heart and brain. This is the first demonstration of Ndrg2 protein expression in both embryonic and adult mouse tissues. Our results suggest that NDRG2 plays important roles in histogenesis and organogenesis.This study was supported by grants from the National Key Basic Research and Development Program (no. 2002CB513007), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (nos. 30370315 and 30171044) and PCSIRT04-59.     

Differentiation of commercial strains of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Agaricus</Emphasis> species in China with inter-simple sequence repeat marker

In recent years, Agaricus mushroom production has undergone an important increase in the world. However, there is no consensus over the taxonomy of some commercial strains. So rapid and reliable methods to identify Agaricus strains are urgently needed. In this paper, six inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers were screened from 20 primers to analyse the genetic diversities of the 12 main commercial strains of Agaricus in China. The results showed that a total of 124 bands were produced, among which 80.6% was polymorphic, the similarity coefficients ranged from 0.69 to 0.98. Twelve tested strains were divided into 2 groups on the similarity coefficient of 0.75. Three Agaricus bitorquis strains were clustered in one group, and seven Agaricus bisporus strains were clustered with Agaricus strains S1 and S2 in the other group. As comparison with ISSR, intergenic spacers combined with restriction fragment length polymorphisms (IGS-RFLP) was employed to analyse genetic diversities of the tested strains by digesting IGS amplified products with restriction enzymes Hae III, Alu I, Rsa I, respectively, and IGS-RFLP cluster results were similar with those of ISSR. However, ISSR was superior to IGS-RFLP in differentiating closely related strains. It is suggested that the ISSR marker is an alternative method to differentiate Agaricus strains.     

中国甘蔗亚族几个容易混淆物种的订正

通过标本研究和野外考察发现:被鉴定为二色金茅和滇南金茅的国产标本实际均为四脉金茅,且二色金茅和滇南金茅在国内无分布,国内各植物志中该名称下的类群应归入四脉金茅。另发表一新组合E. quadrinervis var. latifolia(Rendle)Y. C. Liu & H. Peng.; 国内各植物志和各大标本馆在描述和鉴定Microstegium ciliatum时,常与M. fasciculatum混淆,并在各种场合错误引证; 在此澄清二者真正的区别。     

Aqueous solubility and membrane interactions of hydrophobic peptides with peptoid tags

Lysine tagging of hydrophobic peptides of parent sequence KKAAALAAAAALAAWAALAAAKKKK-NH(2) has been shown to facilitate their synthesis and purification through water solubilization, yet not impact on the intrinsic properties of the hydrophobic core sequence with respect to its insertion into membranes in an alpha-helical conformation. However, due to their positively charged character, such peptides often become bound to phospholipid head groups in membrane surfaces, which inhibits their transbilayer insertion and/or prevents their transport across cellular bilayers. We sought to develop more neutral peptides of membrane-permeable character by replacing most Lys residues with uncharged peptoid [N-(R)glycyl] residues, which might similarly confer water solubility while retaining membrane-interactive properties of the hydrophobic core. Several "peptoid-tagged" derivatives of the parent peptide were prepared with varying peptoid content, with five of the six Lys residues replaced with peptoids Nala and/or Nval. Conformations of these peptides measured by circular dichroism spectroscopy demonstrated that these water-soluble peptides retain the alpha-helix structure in micelles (lysophosphatidylcholine and sodium dodecyl sulfate) notwithstanding the known helix-breaking capacity of the peptoid tags. Blue shifts in Trp fluorescence spectra and quenching experiments with acrylamide confirmed that peptoid-tagged peptides insert spontaneously into micellar membranes. Results suggest that upon introduction of uncharged tags, the interaction between the membrane and the peptides is dominated by the hydrophobicity of the peptide core rather than the electrostatic interactions between the Lys and the head groups of the lipids. The overall findings indicate that peptoid residues are effective surrogates for Lys as uncharged water-solubilizing tags and, as such, provide a potentially valuable feature of design of membrane-interactive peptides.     

抗阻训练通过Akt-FoxO1通路抑制低氧诱导的骨骼肌萎缩

高原低氧环境会引起肌力下降和运动能力退化,而抗阻训练是刺激骨骼肌生长的重要手段,叉头转录因子1（fork head box protein O 1,FoxO1）在调控骨骼肌蛋白质分解通路中承担重要角色。为探究Akt-FoxO1通路是否参与抗阻训练抑制低氧诱导的骨骼肌萎缩,本研究构建低氧诱导骨骼肌萎缩的大鼠模型,并模拟海拔4 000 m低氧环境下（12.4% O2）进行抗阻训练,对比观察大鼠比目鱼肌和趾长伸肌湿重和横截面积,以及蛋白激酶B（protein kinase B,Akt）、叉头转录因子1、泛素蛋白连接酶1（muscle ring finger 1,MuRF1）的表达差异等。结果表明,低氧暴露导致大鼠趾长伸肌湿重显著下降,苏木精-伊红染色组织切片分析肌纤维横截面积、低氧环境下比目鱼肌横截面积明显下降,而低氧抗阻训练后趾长伸肌横截面积明显高于安静组。实时荧光定量PCR和蛋白质免疫印迹结果显示,低氧暴露后FoxO1和MuRF1基因表达明显上调,低氧下抗阻训练后发现,Akt基因表达明显上调而FoxO1、MuRF则明显下调。免疫荧光观察磷酸化FoxO1在细胞核内外表达情况,发现抗阻训练后FoxO1（S256）于细胞核外表达增强。上述结果表明,抗阻训练可以达到抑制低氧诱导骨骼肌萎缩的效果,Akt促进FoxO1磷酸化从而减缓骨骼肌蛋白质分解过程是抗阻训练能够抑制骨骼肌萎缩的分子机制之一。     

Postnatal expression and denervation induced up-regulation of aquaporin-5 protein in rat sweat gland

The evolution of aquaporin-5 (AQP5) expression during postnatal development has not been defined in the sweat gland. Previous studies have suggested that AQP isoforms in several peripheral targets are regulated by a neural mechanism. We have examined, in rat sweat glands, the expression of AQP5 during postnatal development and the effects of denervation on AQP5 expression. Both AQP5 mRNA and protein begin to be expressed at postnatal day 10, before sweat-secretory responsiveness first appears; this expression coincides with the occurrence of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) immunoreactivity. Early noradrenergic and later cholinergic interaction between sweat glands and their innervation are disrupted by neonatal chemical sympathectomy or postnatal severance of the sciatic nerve. Examination of such denervated developing rats has shown that secretory responsiveness fails to arise later in the adults, and AQP5 immunostaining increases in the denervated glands, whereas gland morphogenesis and the occurrence of AQP5 expression proceed normally. Immunobloting has revealed an increase of AQP5 abundance after the denervated mature glands lose their secretory ability. These findings suggest that AQP5 protein is necessary for sweat secretion, and that the expression of AQP5 in rat sweat glands is independent of sympathetic innervation. Our data also indicate that factor(s) regulating the normal morphological development of sweat gland might be responsible for controlling AQP5 expression.     

基于年轮分析的不同恢复途径下森林乔木层生物量和蓄积量的动态变化

基于树木年轮学与标准地调查法, 研究了川西亚高山林区3种恢复森林类型生物量、蓄积量及生产力动态变化特征, 旨在尝试年轮学在森林生长过程反演中的运用, 并探索不同恢复模式下森林生物量和蓄积量的动态变化。结果表明, 不同恢复类型发育至20年以后, 均进入生长加速期, 平均胸径间差异逐渐显著, 人工云杉(Picea asperata)林胸径增长最快, 明显高于天然恢复的次生桦木(Betula spp.)林和次生针阔混交林。在恢复过程中, 次生针阔混交林一直保持最高的林分平均地上生物量与林分蓄积量, 其地上平均生物量一直显著高于人工云杉林(p < 0.05), 在20年以后显著高于次生桦木林(p < 0.05)。与人工云杉林相比, 次生桦木林在25年前具有相对较高的生物量, 而在25年之后则低于人工云杉林。在0-20年桦木林林分蓄积量略高于云杉林, 而20年以后, 云杉林蓄积量则超过桦木林。不同恢复类型的生产力大小对比显示, 30年之前, 次生针阔混交林>次生桦木林>人工云杉林, 30年之后, 针阔混交林生产力仍然最高, 而人工云杉林则超过次生桦木林。川西林区次生针阔混交林恢复模式在生物量和蓄积量积累方面均具有显著优势。     

施氏假单胞菌YC-YH1的萘降解特性及产物分析

【目的】萘是一种重要的环境污染物,它在环境中的积累会对人类健康造成危害,生物降解是解决这一问题的有效方法。本实验室保存的施氏假单胞菌YC-YH1对萘具有较强的降解能力,在此基础上,研究和分析菌株对萘的降解特性、环境因素对萘降解率的影响以及代谢产物。【方法】本文首先采用单因素实验法研究pH、温度、接种量、萘初始浓度对萘降解率的影响;并在单因素实验结果的基础上,利用Design-Expert 8.0.5软件和Box-Behnken设计对pH、温度、接种量3个影响因素进行响应面优化分析,建立环境因素对萘降解率影响的优化模型。利用LC-MS检测萘降解过程中产生的重要代谢产物,从而推测菌株对萘的代谢途径。【结果】响应面分析结果表明,优化模型极显著(P<0.001),拟合度良好,预测结果可信度高。降解实验证明,在培养温度为32.4 °C、pH为7.10、接种量5.74% (体积比)的优化条件下培养3 d即可将浓度为100 mg/L的萘100%降解。LC-MS分析表明,菌株降解萘的过程中,能够被检测到的主要代谢产物有1,2-二羟基萘、水杨酸、邻苯二酚等。【结论】施氏假单胞菌YC-YH1对萘有高的降解效率,pH、温度、接种量3个因素对菌株的降解率有较大影响。利用响应面法优化菌株对萘的降解条件,能够提高YC-YH1菌株对萘的生物降解性能。初步推测菌株YC-YH1对萘的降解是通过水杨酸途径,萘首先被其代谢为1,2-二羟基萘,而后被转化为水杨酸和邻苯二酚,最后进入三羧酸循环被彻底降解。