我国禽流感研究进展及成就

禽流感不仅严重危害养禽业,而且给公共卫生造成巨大威胁。为了科学认识和积极防控禽流感,我国科学家进行了大量且富有成效的研究,取得了举世瞩目的成果。通过长期的监测,基本掌握了禽流感在我国的流行情况和进化规律;利用反向遗传操作技术和蛋白质组学技术,发现了影响流感病毒致病力、传播力和受体结合能力的部分关键位点,阐释了其作用机制;通过对传统技术的改进和先进方法的应用,不断成功建立禽流感诊断、检测技术;新型禽流感疫苗不断涌现并逐步被推广和应用,取得了良好的免疫效果。上述成果为我国禽流感的防控奠定了良好的基础,也为后续研究提供了依据。但是禽流感的防控形势依然严峻,2013年新型H7N9病毒的出现,使禽流感的防控面临新的挑战。     

微波处理对嗜碱和嗜盐海洋放线菌分离效果的影响

【目的】研究微波处理对于分离嗜碱和嗜盐海洋放线菌的效果。【方法】用微波处理7份海泥样品,梯度稀释后涂布于3种分离培养基,分离具有嗜碱和嗜盐特性的海洋放线菌。【结果】微波处理后的7份样品中,4份样品中嗜碱海洋稀有放线菌和3份样品的嗜盐海洋稀有放线菌数量极显著提高;7份样品中的嗜碱、嗜盐海洋小单孢菌属、游动放线菌属、诺卡氏菌属等稀有放线菌数量均有显著增加,不同样品中新分离到链孢菌属、小双孢菌属、链孢囊菌属及其他未鉴定的海洋稀有放线菌,分离到属的数量提高了1-4个。【结论】微波处理不仅显著提高嗜碱和嗜盐海洋放线菌的分离数量,而且明显增加了海洋稀有放线菌的分离种类。     

The role of autophagy in endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced pancreatic β cell death

In pancreatic β-cells, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the crucial site for insulin biosynthesis, as this is where the protein-folding machinery for secretory proteins is localized. Perturbations to ER function of the β-cell, such as those caused by high levels of free fatty acid and insulin resistance, can lead to an imbalance in protein homeostasis and ER stress, which has been recognized as an important mechanism for type 2 diabetes. Macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) is activated as a novel signaling pathway in response to ER stress. In this review, we outline the mechanism of ER stress-mediated β-cell death and focus on the role of autophagy in ameliorating ER stress. The development of drugs to take advantage of the potential protective effect of autophagy in ER stress, such as glucagon like peptide-1, will be a promising avenue of investigation.     

Duchenne肌营养不良（DMD）发病机制及治疗研究进展

Duchenne肌营养不良（Duchenne muscular dystrophy,DMD）为X连锁、隐性、致死性遗传病,其致病基因位于X染色体的Xp21.1-3区,编码抗肌萎缩蛋白dystrophin。随着对该病研究的不断深入,人们从宏观到微观对DMD的再认识不断更新,发现其发病涉及到从基因、胞膜缺陷,到细胞的炎性机制,以及纤维化及肌细胞再生等多个层面。就其细胞及亚细胞水平发病机制及治疗上的进展进行综述。     

四环素调控A30P突变α-synuclein转基因小鼠的构建

为了构建四环素调控的人A30P突变α-synuclein转基因小鼠模型,将外源基因pTRE2-syn和pBC-rtTA同时显微注射到FVB小鼠(Mus muscculus)受精卵的雄原核中,将注射后存活的受精卵移植到同期发情的假孕受体鼠输卵管中,出生个体经PCR检测,获得rtTA和A30P突变α-synuclein双阳性转基因雌鼠1只,A30P单基因阳性雄鼠13只并传代.强力霉索诱导后双阳性后代脑区各部分A30P突变α-synucleinmRNA均有表达,而在诱导满4周后,脑干α-synuclein蛋白表达明显增加,8周后增加更明显.结果表明,通过强力霉素诱导后,可在小鼠小脑、脑干、海马、皮层检测到A30P mRNA表达,脑干α-synuclein表达量显著增加.     

Functional expression of spider neurotoxic peptide huwentoxin-I in E. coli

The coding sequence of huwentoxin-I, a neurotoxic peptide isolated from the venom of the Chinese spider Ornithoctonus huwena, was amplified by PCR using the cDNA library constructed from the spider venom glands. The cloned fragment was inserted into the expression vector pET-40b and transformed into the E. coli strain BL21 (DE3). The expression of a soluble fusion protein, disulfide interchange protein (DsbC)-huwentoxin-I, was auto-induced in the periplasm of E. coli in the absence of IPTG. After partial purification using a Ni-NTA column, the expressed fusion protein was digested using enterokinase to release heteroexpressed huwentoxin-I and was further purified using RP-HPLC. The resulting peptide was subjected to gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry analysis. The molecular weight of the heteroexpressed huwentoxin-I was 3750.69, which is identical to that of the natural form of the peptide isolated from spider venom. The physiological properties of the heteroexpressed huwentoxin-I were further analyzed using a whole-cell patch clamp assay. The heteroexpressed huwentoxin-I was able to block currents generated by human Na_v1.7 at an IC₅₀ of 640 nmole/L, similar to that of the natural huwentoxin-I, which is 630 nmole/L.     

低氧预适应小鼠皮层Bcl-2和Caspase-3的表达变化

本文旨在探讨小鼠皮层Bcl-2和Caspase-3在低氧预适应脑保护中的作用.将Bib/c近交系小鼠随机分为对照组、低氧组和低氧预适应组,用免疫荧光和激光共聚焦显微镜等技术测定皮层顶叶Bcl-2和Caspase-3表达荧光强度和阳性细胞计数.结果显示,低氧组和低氧预适应组Bcl-2表达均显著高于对照组,低氧预适应组又显著高于低氧组.低氧组和低氧预适应组Caspase-3表达均显著高于对照组,但低氧预适应组显著低于低氧组.结果表明,低氧预适应过程中,小鼠皮层脑区通过Bcl-2高表达和Caspase-3低表达抵御皮层细胞凋亡,从而参与脑保护机制.     

Role of the Na/Ca exchanger on the development of diabetes mellitus and its chronic complications

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a serious metabolic disorder with micro- and macrovascular complications that results in significant morbidity and mortality. It is well established that cytosolic Ca²⁺ play an important role in controlling insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells. The Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchanger (NCX), an ion transport protein, is expressed in the plasma membrane of virtually all animal cells. NCX is a reversible carrier that can mediate the transport of Ca²⁺ across the plasma membrane in both directions. Therefore, great efforts have been made to identify NCX associated with DM. NCX is expressed in several tissues, and acts in the protection against intracellular calcium overload; in the regulation of insulin secretion by beta cells, and in improving vascular endothelium-dependent relaxation. All these mechanisms are associated with DM pathogenesis and its chronic complications. Therefore, NCX is a candidate protein for the development of these disorders. Only a few studies investigated NCX in relation to chronic complications of diabetes, with inconclusive results.     

以枯草芽孢杆菌递呈VP28对南美白对虾免疫相关基因表达和细胞特异性吞噬的影响

以枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)为活载体口服递呈对虾白斑综合征病毒(WSSV)囊膜蛋白VP28, 评价其抗病毒感染能力、对南美白对虾免疫相关基因表达以及血淋巴细胞对病毒特异性吞噬的影响。经口服免疫枯草重组菌株B. subtilis-VP28攻毒后, 对虾的相对存活率达83.3%。为探讨重组菌株的抗病机理, 比较研究了免疫相关基因proPO(酚氧化酶原)、Peroxinectin(PE)和脂多糖--1, 3-葡聚糖结合蛋白(LGBP)基因的表达差异, 并进一步分析了血淋巴细胞吞噬活性和特异性。结果表明, B. subtilis-VP28菌液能显著提高(P 0.05)对虾proPO、PE和LGBP mRNA的表达水平和血细胞对WSSV的吞噬活性, B. subtilis组对免疫相关基因也有一定的激活作用, 而B. subtilis-VP28发酵上清液则能增加血细胞吞噬活性; 此外, B. subtilis-VP28菌液组血细胞对WSSV具有特异性吞噬作用。研究为枯草重组菌株B. subtilis-VP28抗WSSV感染作用及其作为特殊功能水产微生态制剂的应用提供了一定的科学依据。