不同农业土地利用方式和管理对土壤有机碳的影响 ——以北京市延庆盆地为例

自20世纪80年代以来,我国农业土地利用方式和农田管理发生了巨大变化,由此引起的土壤有机碳（SOC）含量、密度及其垂直分布发生了相应的变化,研究不同土地利用方式和管理对土壤有机碳的影响对于探讨农田生态系统的固碳作用具有重要的意义.以北京市延怀盆地为典型研究地区,选择6种农业土地利用和管理模式,共计42块样地,在1m深土体内分层采集197个土壤样品.研究结果表明：（1） 不同农业土地利用和管理方式对SOC含量的影响主要发生在0～25 cm土层中,剖面中SOC含量自上向下明显降低.（2） 通过对6种土地利用和管理方式下土壤SOC含量进行比较,结果发现果园和高投入的玉米地土壤在0～100 cm土层中SOC含量均较高,变化范围分别为4.16～10.00 g kg^-1和4.73～9.31 g kg^-1; 菜地土壤在0～40 cm土层中SOC含量较高,变化范围为6.42～9.67 g kg^-1;大豆地、中、低投入玉米地土壤在0～100 cm土层中SOC含量较低,变化范围分别为3.27～7.73 g kg^-1、3.14～8.33 g kg^-1和1.83～7.67 g kg^-1. （3） 不同农业土地利用方式对SOC密度影响的趋势与对SOC含量影响的趋势基本一致,在0～100 cm土壤中,SOC密度的顺序为果园＞菜地＞高投入玉米地＞中投入玉米地＞大豆地＞低投入玉米地,变化范围为4.15～8.22 kg m^-2.     

快速城市化背景下广西典型城市景观空间格局动态比较研究

随着城市化的快速发展与城市规模日益扩张,城市景观空间结构不断地被人为改变着,不合理的景观空间格局既削弱了区域的经济和社会发展功能,影响着城市生态环境质量的不断提高,也进一步制约着城市的可持续发展进程。以广西3座典型中心城市——南宁、柳州和桂林市为研究对象,利用6景Landsat5 TM和Landsat8 OLI/TIRS影像数据,通过遥感影像分类技术提取研究区的土地利用景观信息,对典型城市1990—2015年的景观空间格局特征与生态过程进行对比分析,旨在揭示快速城市化阶段重点城市核心景观要素的时空演化规律。结果表明:(1)在城市化进程加快的背景下,广西各典型城市的景观空间格局均发生了剧烈的变化。受人为影响强烈的土地利用景观类型变动最为显著,建设用地景观的不断扩张与耕地、林地景观的缩减是城市化发展的基本特征。(2)在水平空间上,城市建筑景观逐渐由核心圈层向外围圈层扩展,外围区的自然景观受人工干扰强度加大,景观类型逐渐丰富,但破碎化程度加剧。(3)在垂直空间上,城市景观类型呈现较显著的海拔分异特征,中、低海拔区是城镇化最集中的地带,建设用地的景观优势度增长最为显著。高海拔区因但受城市扩张与农业开发活动的胁迫,自然景观的优势度与团聚性呈下降趋势。(4)从城市功能定位来看,南宁、柳州和桂林市作为广西3座不同功能类型的中心城市,它们在区域社会经济发展方面起到重要的辐射和引领作用。该研究为科学开展城市景观规划、实施城市生态环境管理和推进广西城市化健康有序发展提供参考依据。     

溶藻弧菌群体基因组学研究

溶藻弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus)是一种能够对人类以及鱼、虾、贝类等水产品致病的弧菌,给人类健康带来威胁,也给水产养殖业造成巨大的经济损失.目前该物种基于全基因组的遗传多样性和重要遗传元件研究报道较少.本研究对采集自全国4个省份的68株溶藻弧菌进行高通量测序,获得全基因组序列,并结合113株公开发表的...     

Cold-induced phase separation for the simple and reliable extraction of sex hormones for subsequent LC-MS/MS analysis

Sex hormones, including androgens, estrogens, and progestogens, are important biomarkers for various diseases. Quantification of sex hormones is typically conducted by LC-MS/MS. At present, most methods require liquid-liquid extraction or solid phase extraction for sample preparation. However, these pretreatments are prone to compromise LC-MS/MS throughput. To improve on the current standard practices, we investigated cold-induced phase separation for sex hormone extraction. After protein precipitation with acetonitrile and adjusting the solution constitution with water, samples were stored at ?30°C for 10 min to generate two distinct phases: an acetonitrile-rich layer on top of a water-rich layer. During this process, the hydrophobic sex hormones spontaneously separate into the upper layer. This simple and reliable cold-induced phase separation-based LC-MS/MS methodology was used here to simultaneously detect estrone, estradiol, estriol, testosterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone, progesterone, and 17-hydroxyprogesterone in serum. Validation of this method indicated satisfactory performance, including acceptable linearity, accuracy, precision, and tractability. Compared with the mainstream liquid-liquid extraction-based method, this new method exhibits significant progress in throughput, which shortens the time cost of sample preparation from 90 to 40 min. We propose that this method can be an excellent alternative for sex hormone analysis in routine clinical laboratories.     

Cryo-EM structure of glycoprotein C from Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a causative agent of serious hemorrhagic diseases in humans with high mortality rates. CCHFV glycoprotein Gc plays critical roles in mediating virus-host membrane fusion and has been studied extensively as an immunogen. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in membrane fusion and Gc-specific antibody-antigen interactions remain unresolved largely because structural information of this glycoprotein is missing. We designed a trimeric protein including most of the ectodomain region of Gc from the prototype CCHFV strain, IbAr10200, which enabled the cryo-electron microscopy structure to be solved at a resolution of 2.8 ?. The structure confirms that CCHFV Gc is a class II fusion protein. Unexpectedly, structural comparisons with other solved Gc trimers in the postfusion conformation revealed that CCHFV Gc adopted hybrid architectural features of the fusion loops from hantaviruses and domain III from phenuiviruses, suggesting a complex evolutionary pathway among these bunyaviruses. Antigenic sites on CCHFV Gc that protective neutralizing antibodies target were mapped onto the CCHFV Gc structure, providing valuable information that improved our understanding of potential neutralization mechanisms of various antibodies.     

Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes: A novel and potential remedy for cutaneous wound healing and regeneration

Poor healing of cutaneous wounds is a common medical problem in the field of traumatology. Due to the intricate pathophysiological processes of wound healing, the use of conventional treatment methods, such as chemical molecule drugs and traditional dressings, have been unable to achieve satisfactory outcomes. Within recent years, explicit evidence suggests that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have great therapeutic potentials on skin wound healing and regeneration. However, the direct application of MSCs still faces many challenges and difficulties. Intriguingly, exosomes as cell-secreted granular vesicles with a lipid bilayer membrane structure and containing specific components from the source cells may emerge to be excellent substitutes for MSCs. Exosomes derived from MSCs (MSC-exosomes) have been demonstrated to be beneficial for cutaneous wound healing and accelerate the process through a variety of mechanisms. These mechanisms include alleviating inflammation, promoting vascularization, and promoting proliferation and migration of epithelial cells and fibroblasts. Therefore, the application of MSC-exosomes may be a promising alternative to cell therapy in the treatment of cutaneous wounds and could promote wound healing through multiple mechanisms simultaneously. This review will provide an overview of the role and the mechanisms of MSC-derived exosomes in cutaneous wound healing, and elaborate the potentials and future perspectives of MSC-exosomes application in clinical practice.     

鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林某些沉积元素转移过程中的浓度分析

对鼎湖山大气降水、季风常绿阔叶林林冠穿透水、土壤水(30cm和80cm深)以及溪水中某些沉积元素进行了系统连续的观测研究,从沉积元素的转移过程阐明了鼎湖山自然保护区和季风常绿阔叶林所承受的环境压力,通过分析沉积元素在这些水文学过程中的浓度变化和相互联系,试图揭示该生态系统相应功能过程变化的规律。得到如下结果：(1)大气降水中的Pb含量远远高于穿透水、土壤水(30cm和80cm深)以及溪水中的含量,随着水分由输入向输出流动,Pb的浓度逐渐降低;(2)在大气降水、林冠穿透水、土壤水(30cm和80cm深)以及溪水中,Al离子的浓度逐步增加;(3)除Pb外,所有其他元素(Al、Mn、sr、Mg、Na、K和Ca)在土壤溶液中的浓度都高于5个水文过程的平均值;(4)Mn、K、Ca的输入和输出的浓度都不高;(5)Na和Mg在土壤水和溪水中的浓度超过5个水文过程的平均值。这表明：(1)鼎湖山的大气具有高浓度的Pb含量,而且Pb在季风常绿阔叶林系统中处于一个持续的积累过程;(2)酸性降水不仅活化了土壤中的Al元素,对各个水文学过程中的离子浓度也有增大的作用;(3)Na和Mg在当前的大气环境下有可能加速地从季风常绿阔叶林生态系统中淋洗出来。总之,由于酸雨和大气污染的影响,鼎湖山森林生态系统将处于不稳定状态。     

胰酶对皮肤角质细胞分离和传代的影响

考察不同的胰酶浓度及其作用时间对角质细胞分离和传代的影响。实验发现在胰酶浓度 0.25%时作用5min可获得的总活细胞量和有克隆形成能力的细胞量均优于其它培养条件 ;而在胰酶浓度0.05%时作用 5min可获得最大的原代角质细胞贴壁率。随着胰酶浓度的提高 ,传代角质细胞的贴壁率和贴壁速率常数以及克隆形成率均随之增加 ,因此在传代培养时使用 0.25%胰酶浓度进行消化较为适宜.     

北京地区红隼的迁徙路线和活动区域

红隼(Falco tinnunculus)被列为国家二级重点保护野生动物,是能同时适应农村和城市环境的小型猛禽,对维持城市生态系统稳定具有重要意义。2022年4月至7月,为在北京救助的7只红隼佩戴了卫星追踪器,追踪其活动轨迹,依据追踪的动物活动位点数据,采用净平方位移-时间曲线依次对各红隼的迁徙模式进行了判别,深入分析了迁徙红隼的迁徙时间、距离和路线等,并采用核心密度法分别计算了迁徙及留居型红隼95%及50%活动区面积。研究结果表明,在北京地区红隼的迁徙模式为部分迁徙,追踪的7只红隼个体(N01 ~ N07)中,4只为留鸟,1只为迁徙鸟,2只居留类型无法准确判断。N01为迁徙红隼,其度夏地和越冬地分别在内蒙古锡林郭勒盟和河北廊坊,此红隼秋季迁徙速度明显高于春季,其春季迁徙距离551 km,历时25 d,平均迁徙速度为22 km/d,而秋季迁徙距离412 km,历时2 d,平均迁徙速度为203 km/d,河北承德滦平县是其春季迁徙的重要中途停歇地。不同红隼个体间95%及50%活动区面积均存在较大差异,迁徙红隼N01 95%、50%活动区面积在度夏区分别为93.10 km²、17.50 km²,在越冬区分别为7.03 km²、0.99 km²;留居型红隼95%、50%活动区面积均值分别为1 165.34 km²、178.71 km²(n = 4),其中最大95%、50%活动区面积分别为4 320.26 km²(N02)、648.22 km²(N02),最小95%、50%活动区面积分别为2.80 km²(N03)、0.29 km²(N03)。本研究揭示了北京地区红隼的迁徙模式、迁徙路线、重要停歇地及活动区状况,为红隼的针对性保护和管理提供了科学依据。