Yeast glucan of Pneumocystis carinii cyst wall: an excellent target for chemotherapy.

Pneumocystis pneumonia is the most serious opportunistic infection in immunocompromised patients, particularly those with AIDS. Approved therapy is limited to pentamidine and inhibitors of folic acid synthesis, but these drugs show a high rate of adverse reactions in AIDS patients emphasizing the urgent need for additional effective therapies. Progress has, however, been hindered by lack of knowledge about this parasite's cellular characteristics. Previously we reported that beta (1,3)glucan is a major component of the Pneumocystis carinii cyst wall. This study shows that administration of aculeacin A, an inhibitor of beta (1,3)glucan biosynthesis, affects cyst wall formation, inhibits cyst maturation, and prevents severe pneumonia in steroid-treated rats. Thus this study not only demonstrates that beta (1,3)glucan is indispensable for growth of the parasite in rats, but suggests a new therapeutic strategy for human pneumocystosis.     

Common immunologic determinant between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp41 and astrocytes.

Monoclonal antibodies against a synthetic 12-amino-acid peptide that comprises the immunodominant domain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp41 (amino acids 598 through 609) reacted with astrocytes found in human and rodent central nervous system tissue. The monoclonal antibodies bound to a 43-kDa protein found in central nervous system tissue preparations. These results indicate that human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp41 contains a common epitope with astrocytes and that an immune response to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp41 could generate antibodies that are cross-reactive to astrocytes. Furthermore, anti-astrocyte antibodies, which were directed at a common epitope with the gp41 sequence, were found to be present in cerebrospinal fluid from some AIDS patients with central nervous system complications. Astrocytes regulate the environment for appropriate neuronal function, and astrocyte hyperactivity (astrocytosis) is known to be the common and early pathologic event in brains from patients with central nervous system AIDS. We suggest that antibody-induced effect(s) on astrocytes could lead to the physiologic neuronal dysfunctions observed in AIDS patients.     

Ontogeny of absence-like and tonic seizures in the spontaneously epileptic rat

The ontogeny of epileptic seizures in spontaneously epileptic rats (SER; zi/zi, tm/tm) was studied by examining behaviour and electroencephalogram (EEG) simultaneously. Weight gain and survival time were also studied. Compared with the control Kyo:Wistar rats, SER showed a much smaller increase in body weight. All male and female SER died before 20 and 18 weeks of age, respectively. Body tremor was observed at 2 weeks of age but disappeared after 11 weeks. Staggering gait appeared after 7 weeks of age, and intensified with age. Absence-like seizures characterized by paroxysmal appearance of 5-7 Hz spike-wave-like complexes were observed in the cortical or hippocampal EEG after 5 weeks of age, and tonic seizures with low voltage fast waves were observed after 6 weeks of age. All SER exhibited both absence-like and tonic seizures with high frequencies from 12 weeks of age. Differences with other spontaneous rat models of epilepsy and application methods for estimating seizure-inhibitory effects of anti-epileptic drugs are discussed.     

Induction of Cytoplasmic Streaming and Movement of Chloroplast Induced by L-Histidine and its Derivatives in Leaves of Egeria densa

Rotational cytoplasmic streaming in leaves of Egeria densa wasinduced by light as well as by L-histidine (L-His). During bothtreatement with light and with L-His chloroplasts on the periclinalface were dislodged and moved to the anticlinal face where rotationalcytoplasmic streaming occurred. The effective concentrationof L-His was about 0.01 mM and the effect was almost saturatedat 0.1 mM. A derivative of L-His, 3-methyl-L-histidine, wasslightly less effective than L-His. By contrast, 1-methyl-L-histidinewas almost ineffective for induction of streaming, not onlyin Egeria but also in Vallisneria. Our resutlts are in markedcontrast to Fitting's result (1936) that 1-M-L-His is more effectivethan L-His. In Egeria, 1-methyl-L-His counteracted the stimulativeeffect of L-His. 1-Methyl-L-His penetrated into leaf cells ofEgeria to the same extent as 3-methyl-L-His and to a greaterextent than L-His. This observation excludes the possibilitythat the impermeability of leaves to 1-M-L-His might be responsiblefor its ineffectiveness. 1-M-L-His did not interfere with photodinesis.Differences in the mechanism of induction of rotational streamingby L-His and by light are discussed. ⁴ Present address: Fukui Institute of Technology, Gakuen, Fukui,910 Japan (Received July 16, 1990; Accepted December 20, 1990)     

Inhibition of ATPase Activity in Pea Plasma Membranes In Situ by a Suppressor from a Pea Pathogen, Mycosphaerella pinodes

A pathogenic fungus of pea, Mycosphaerella pinodes, secretesa so-called "suppressor" in its pycnospore germination fluid.The suppressor blocks the defense responses and induces localsusceptibility (accessibility) in pea plants to agents thatare not pathogenic in pea. The suppressor nonspecifically inhibitsthe ATPase activity in plasma membranes prepared from pea, soybean,kidney bean, cowpea and barley plants. However, cytochemicalstudies by electron microscopy indicate that the suppressorspecifically inhibits the ATPase in pea cell membranes, butnot in those of four other plant species tested. That is, thespecificity of the suppressor appears at the cell and/or tissuelevel, but is not evident in vitro. Furthermore, the inhibitoryeffect of the suppressor is temporary because the ATPase activityrecovers 9 h after the treatment. A similar effect was observedafter inoculation with M. pinodes but not with a nonpathogenof pea, M. ligulicola. The role of the suppressor in host-parasitespecificity is discussed. (Received April 9, 1991; Accepted August 6, 1991)     

Efficiency of particle-bombardment-mediated transformation is influenced by cell cycle stage in synchronized cultured cells of tobacco

Plasmid DNA pB1221 harboring β-glucuronidase gene was delivered to synchronized cultured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Bright Yellow-2) cells of different cell cycle stages by a pneumatic particle gun. The cells bombarded at M and G₂ phases gave 4 to 6 times higher transformation efficiency than those bombarded at the S and G₁ phases.     

Developmental regulation for collagen II gene expression in transgenic mice

In order to evaluate the involvement of the type II collagen regulatory sequences in development, we have injected a construct containing a toxin gene under the control of the rat type II collagen promoter and enhancer. The construct, pDAS10-DTA, contained the diphtheria toxin A chain gene under the control of type II collagen sequences which had been used previously to target cartilagenous tissues in transgenics. Inspection of developing fetuses at various stages of gestation revealed a high number of aborted implants as well as abnormally developing fetuses. These abnormal fetuses were of small size, had shortened and underdeveloped limbs, cleft palates, and generally resembled a phenotype similar to chondrodystrophic mice. Histological comparisons of normal and abnormal fetuses indicated a reduced amount of extracellular matrix surrounding chondrocytes, and a disorganized appearance of the tissue. These results suggest that the expression of the toxin has occurred in chondrocytes and altered the survival and development of the transgenic mice. These results also indicate that the promoter and enhancer sequences contained in the transgene controlled the developmental expression of the type II collagen gene expression.     

Functional domains of cell adhesion molecules.

A number of molecules involved in cell adhesion (e.g. fibronectin, laminin, collagens I and IV, thrombospondin, entactin) have now been identified and the consequent roles that they play in the processes of growth, migration, differentiation and tumor spread have been described. Active sequences of the molecules have been identified using synthetic peptides derived from specific domains. Several adhesive molecules contain multiple active domains with different biological activities.