黄河三角洲刺槐白蜡混交对土壤细菌群落结构及多样性的影响

为探讨黄河三角洲刺槐白蜡混交对土壤细菌群落结构及多样性的影响,通过高通量测序技术分析比较了刺槐白蜡混交林及刺槐纯林、白蜡纯林土壤细菌群落结构及多样性。结果表明:(1)混交林与两种纯林土壤细菌群落共36门。酸杆菌门、变形菌门、放线菌门(相对丰度大于10%)为刺槐白蜡混交林与两种纯林土壤中共有的优势菌群;硝化螺旋菌门为刺槐纯林土壤中的优势菌群。不同人工林土壤中各门细菌相对丰度差异显著。(2)混交改变了土壤细菌群落结构,提高了细菌多样性。刺槐白蜡混交林土壤细菌物种数、Chao1指数、Shannon指数分别为1934.5、2629.1、9.1,显著高于两种纯林。(3)相关性分析表明,土壤含水量与放线菌门细菌呈显著正相关;pH与芽单胞菌门细菌呈极显著正相关,与酸杆菌门细菌呈显著负相关。细菌多样性与土壤含水量呈显著正相关,与速效钾、有机质含量呈显著负相关。研究表明,刺槐白蜡混交林土壤细菌群落结构与两种纯林之间有一定差异,多样性差异显著,刺槐白蜡混交改变细菌群落结构,提高细菌多样性。     

根域限制下水氮供应对膜下滴灌棉花叶片光合生理特性的影响

在新疆气候生态条件下,采用管栽方法,选用棉花新陆早13号和新陆早33号2个品种为供试材料,通过人工限制根系垂直生长深度和水氮供应,测定棉花叶片气体交换和叶绿素荧光参数、光合物质积累等,探讨根域限制及水氮供应对棉花光合生理特性及产量形成的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,相同水氮供应条件下,根域限制处理棉花从开花期至盛絮期叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和光化学猝灭系数(qp)显著降低,尤其在盛铃后期至盛絮期表现明显,但潜在最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)未受到影响;盛花期和盛絮期根重均显著降低,但地上部总干物质、蕾铃干物质累积量及籽棉产量均显著高于对照。同一根域容积不同水氮处理棉花开花期至盛絮期的Pn、Gs和Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、qp均表现为W1N1>W0N1>W1N0>W0N0;根域限制条件下适量水氮供应处理盛花期和盛絮期地上部总干物质和蕾铃干物质累积量均显著增加,最终单株铃数、单铃重和籽棉产量均显著高于其它处理。因此,在膜下滴灌棉花根域容积受限制条件下,通过优化生育期水氮供应,能改善叶片光合性能、增加地上部干物质积累量及其向生殖器官分配比例,是挖掘膜下滴灌棉花产量潜力和提高效益的有效途径。     

草原沙漠化过程中植物的耐胁迫类型研究

以内蒙古锡林郭勒盟多伦县草原沙漠化过程中不同梯度共有种群为研究对象 ,探讨植物的受损机理 ,综合 2 0 0 1～ 2 0 0 3年的研究结果表明 :随着沙漠化的进展 ,共有种群的 1叶片含水量及叶绿素 a、b和总叶绿素含量均呈降低趋势。叶片含水量高低顺序为扁蓿豆 (Melilotoides ruthenica) >冷蒿 (Artemisia frigida) >羊草 (L eymus chinensis) >糙隐子草 (Cleistogenessquarrosa) ,反映了共有种群水分状况的不同。2质膜相对透性、游离脯氨酸含量均呈上升趋势 ,其中羊草、糙隐子草和冷蒿变化表现出先升后降再升的规律。3MDA含量变化均表现出先升后降再升的规律 ,不同植物不同阶段 MDA积累程度 (积累率大小顺序为沙漠化初期 :冷蒿 2 9.5 9% >羊草 18.14 % >扁蓿豆 13.6 8% >糙隐子草 3.77% ;沙漠化后期 :糙隐子草 80 .11% >冷蒿 77.2 9% >羊草 39.31% >扁蓿豆 8.5 6 % )的不同反映了不同阶段细胞受伤害程度的差异。4 SOD、CAT活性变化总体上均呈上升趋势 ,其中羊草 CAT活性呈降低趋势 ;酶活性均梯度间差异显著 (P<0 .0 0 1)。 5内源激素 ABA含量的变化因不同种群抗逆性强弱而异。糙隐子草、冷蒿和扁蓿豆 ABA增幅小 ,而羊草 ABA增幅大。综合各种生理特征及其对沙漠化环境的响应 ,对共有种群分类 :羊草为敏感型     

全球变化背景下的现代生态学——第六届现代生态学讲座纪要

"现代生态学讲座"是由著名生态学家李博院士创导,国内外华人生态学家联合发起,旨在促进中国现代生态学与世界同步发展,加强国内外生态学界交流与合作的国际会议。2011年8月1-4日在南京大学举行的第六届现代生态学讲座围绕"全球背景下现代生态学热点问题及其研究进展"主题,进行了23场特邀专家学术讲座,从全球变化背景下:现代生态学方法论、全球变化与陆地生态系统的响应与反馈、全球变化背景下的生物入侵、全球变化背景下的森林生态、全球变化背景下的植物生理生态、全球变化背景下退化生态系统恢复与重建、全球变化背景下的生态水文、全球变化背景下的区域生态管理等八个方面进行分类总结,从不同时空尺度、不同学科角度探讨全球变化与生态系统的响应以及人类为实现可持续发展而采取的适应性管理对策。最后,对会议的进一步完善提出几点建议。     

Effects of size,neighbors, and site condition on tree growth in a subtropical evergreen and deciduous broad‐leaved mixed forest,China

Successful growth of a tree is the result of combined effects of biotic and abiotic factors. It is important to understand how biotic and abiotic factors affect changes in forest structure and dynamics under environmental fluctuations. In this study, we explored the effects of initial size [diameter at breast height (DBH)], neighborhood competition, and site condition on tree growth, based on a 3‐year monitoring of tree growth rate in a permanent plot (120 × 80 m) of montane Fagus engleriana–Cyclobalanopsis multiervis mixed forest on Mt. Shennongjia, China. We measured DBH increments every 6 months from October 2011 to October 2014 by field‐made dendrometers and calculated the mean annual growth rate over the 3 years for each individual tree. We also measured and calculated twelve soil properties and five topographic variables for 384 grids of 5 × 5 m. We defined two distance‐dependent neighborhood competition indices with and without considerations of phylogenetic relatedness between trees and tested for significant differences in growth rates among functional groups. On average, trees in this mixed montane forest grew 0.07 cm year^?1 in DBH. Deciduous, canopy, and early‐successional species grew faster than evergreen, small‐statured, and late‐successional species, respectively. Growth rates increased with initial DBH, but were not significantly related to neighborhood competition and site condition for overall trees. Phylogenetic relatedness between trees did not influence the neighborhood competition. Different factors were found to influence tree growth rates of different functional groups: Initial DBH was the dominant factor for all tree groups; neighborhood competition within 5 m radius decreased growth rates of evergreen trees; and site condition tended to be more related to growth rates of fast‐growing trees (deciduous, canopy, pioneer, and early‐successional species) than the slow‐growing trees (evergreen, understory, and late‐successional species).     

胡杨异形叶叶绿素荧光特性对高温的响应

胡杨(Populus euphratica Oliv)是塔里木极端干旱荒漠区优势乔木树种,由于其生长在荒漠环境中,极端高温远高于其它地区,因此研究胡杨对高温胁迫的响应特征对于解释胡杨的抗逆机理与生态适应策略具有极为重要的意义。以胡杨3种典型的异形叶为材料,研究不同温度对其叶绿素荧光特性和能量分配的影响。结果表明,25-45 ℃温度下胡杨异形叶的F₀、F_m、F_v/F_m与F_v/F₀变化不大,尤其F_v/F_m仍能保持在0.78左右,光合反应正常;高温胁迫下(＞45 ℃)F_m、F_v/F₀、F_v/F_m、F'_v/F'_m、qP、ΦPSⅡ、P和ETR均大幅降低;F₀、qN、E显著上升,而D先上升后下降,说明高温抑制了PSⅡ的功能,使PSⅡ反应中心活性下降,QA^-的还原速率加快,光化学电子传递速率降低,某些能量耗散途径受阻,影响了PSⅠ和PSⅡ激发能的平衡分配,最终导致光合机构受损、光合速率降低。胡杨3种异形叶的叶绿素荧光参数随温度升高变幅不同,高温处理下锯齿阔卵形叶各参数均高于卵形叶与条形叶,表明锯齿阔卵形叶比卵形叶和条形叶具有更强的高温耐受能力。用模糊数学的隶属度函数对胡杨3种异形叶的耐热性进行综合评价,锯齿阔卵形叶的耐热性最强。     

四步法消除SYBR GreenⅠ实时定量RT-PCR中引物二聚体的影响

为建立一种新的SYBRgreenⅠ实时定量RT PCR方法 ,使之能够有效消除引物二聚体 (PDs)对实时定量结果的影响 .对RT PCR特异性扩增产物和PDs分别进行了凝胶电泳检测和熔解曲线分析 .依据PDs和扩增产物的熔解温度 (Tm)特点 ,在通用的三步法的延伸步骤之后 ,增加一个短暂的 (5s)恒温和荧光检测步骤 ,使这个步骤的温度高于PDs的Tm,但低于扩增产物的Tm,简称该法为四步法 .PDs的Tm 通常高于 72℃ ,但低于扩增产物的Tm .将四步法第四步的温度设置在高于PDs的Tm ,但低于扩增产物的Tm 时 ,四步法能够有效地消除PDs的影响 .对三步法和四步法SYBRgreenⅠ实时定量RT PCR进行了比较 ,发现三步法根本不能用于RNA的实时定量 ,而四步法能够实现包括低丰度RNA在内的RNA的定量 .选择Tm 值尽可能小的引物 ,使PDs与扩增产物Tm 值之间有足够的差距 ,将更有利于四步法的应用 ,并可成功地用于低丰度RNA的准确定量     

β-Galactosidase production by the psychrotolerant yeast Guehomyces pullulans 17-1 isolated from sea sediment in Antarctica and lactose hydrolysis

A psychrotolerant yeast Guehomyces pullulans 17-1 was isolated from sea sediment in Antarctica. It was found that it could yield both extracellular and cell-bound β-galactosidase. After optimization of the medium and cultivation conditions, it was found that the yeast strain produced over 17.2 U mL⁻¹ of β-galactosidase activity within 120 h at the flask level while the yeast strain produced over 25.3 U mL⁻¹ of β-galactosidase activity within 144 h during the 2-L fermentation. This is the highest β-galactosidase activity produced by the wild type yeast strains reported so far. However, the optimal pH and temperature for the crude β-galactosidase were 4.0 and 50 °C, respectively. Lactose could be converted into glucose and galactose and a large amount of reducing sugar could be released from milk under catalysis of the yeast culture.