国产合瓣花植物名称的后选模式指定——Ⅰ. 杜鹃花科

在整理保存于中国科学院植物研究所中国国家植物标本馆（PE）的国产合瓣花植物模式标本时,根据《国际藻类、菌类、植物命名法规》（墨尔本法规）规则9.5,发现一些植物名称的模式为合模式,其中包括杜鹃花科的奇异杜鹃、怒江杜鹃、绢毛杜鹃、橙黄杜鹃、光蕊杜鹃、棕背川滇杜鹃、拟镰果杜鹃、镰果杜鹃、粘毛杜鹃、粗毛杜鹃、腾冲杜鹃、剑川杜鹃和红粗毛杜鹃。遵照规则8.1、9.11和9.12,以及辅则9A.3的精神,对这13个名称做出后选模式指定。     

城市热岛“源-汇”景观识别及降温效率

快速城市化背景下,不同景观降温效率的差异是深入理解景观格局对城市热岛效应影响机理的基础。现有城市热岛研究多以土地利用或土地覆被替代热岛效应的源与汇,往往忽略景观的热特征与相邻景观的热关系,造成信息偏差。需要从景观热特征的视角,探讨面向城市热岛效应的景观分类方法,并分析不同特征景观的降温效率差异。基于"源-汇"景观理论,以深圳市西部为研究区,构建面向城市热岛的景观分类方法,通过2010年TM遥感影像提取NDVI、NDMI及ISA等地表特征及地表温度特性,叠加划分16类城市景观,分析不同地表特征的景观等距离梯度下的温度变化关系,识别城市热岛的"源-汇"景观。在此基础上,分析"源-汇"景观的结构特征,构建以面积和温度为影响因素的景观降温效率指数,结合景观格局指数,分析不同面积与形状的"汇"景观降温效率。结果表明,在16类景观中,5类景观被识别为城市热岛汇景观,面积约533 km~2,占研究区总面积的45.5%。降温效率结果表明,"汇"景观的降温效率为1.54,其中绿色空间及阴影景观的降温效率贡献率较高。通过面积与形状的景观格局分析发现,降温效果随两个指数的增加,均呈先升后降的趋势。研究结果为城市规划与城市绿色基础设施建设决策中降温景观的形状和面积设定提供依据,增加景观水平的缓解热岛效应的效率。     

Effects of Exogenous Nitric Oxide on Photochemical Activity of Photosystem Ⅱ in Potato Leaf Tissue Under Non-stress Condition

Under non-stress condition, effects of exogenous nitric oxide (NO) on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in detached leaves and leaf discs of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) were surveyed. Results showed that the maximal quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm) and the effective quantum efficiency (F P_SⅡ) of photosystem Ⅱ (PSⅡ) were reduced by exogenous NO under illumination (150 mmol.m^-2.s^-1, 25 ℃). This influence was related not only to the concentration of sodium nitroprusside (SNP, a NO donor) solution, but also to the active duration of NO on leaf tissue. Results with leaf discs showed that the effects of SNP on F P_SⅡ could be prevented by bovine hemoglobin (a powerful NO scavenger), while a mixture of NO^2- and NO^3- (the decomposition product of NO or its donor SNP) had much less influence on F P_SⅡ than SNP, indicating that effects of exogenous SNP on PSⅡ photochemical activity was mainly due to NO generation. Under light (150 mmol.m^-2.s^-1, 25 ℃) for 4 h or longer period, the non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) in SNP-soaked leaves was statistically similar to that in H₂O-soaked control, but F P_SⅡ and the proportion of open reaction centers (measured as qP) were lower than control, respectively. After 25 min dark-adaptation, the maximal fluorescence (Fm) in SNP treatment (8 and 12 h illumination duration) was significantly lower than the control, while the initial fluorescence (F_o) in SNP and H₂O-treated leaves had no significant difference. Therefore this indicated that under the present experimental condition, the NO-affected site might not be the PSⅡ reaction centers. On the donor side of PSⅡ, NO putatively influenced the light-harvesting capacity of leaves under light; on the acceptor side, NO-affected sites were some components of electron transport chain after Q_A, i.e. NO enhanced the reductive degree of reaction centers through blocking the electron transport after Q_A, thus reducing the photochemical activity of PSⅡ.     

榉属植物总DNA提取方法研究

榉属植物体内酚类、多糖等次生物质含量较高, 严重影响从中提取总DNA 的产量和质量。针对这一问题探索出一种适合榉属植物总DNA 的提取方法, 并对提取的总DNA 进行了纯度和浓度的鉴定。结果表明此方法可有效去除次生物质对DNA 的干扰, 样品DNA 的质量和纯度较高, 可用于随机引物RAPD 扩增和随后的各种遗传学分析。     

尖孢镰刀菌致病机理和化感作用研究进展

尖孢镰刀菌引起的枯萎病在生产中的防控相当困难。通过总结国内外相关文献,综述近年来有关尖孢镰刀菌致病机理和化感作用的研究进展。尖孢镰刀菌通过分泌毒素和细胞壁降解酶共同致病,谱系特异性区域的存在是其致病性强和宿主范围广的主要原因;在尖孢镰刀菌各专化型中已分离出大量致病相关基因;其他植物和拮抗微生物(木霉菌、丛枝菌根真菌、非致病性尖孢镰刀菌以及植物生长促生菌)可以分泌化感物质,作用于宿主植物和尖孢镰刀菌,直接抑制尖孢镰刀菌的生长或激活宿主植物的防御反应。未来有关尖孢镰刀菌致病机理研究应该在基因组测序基础上构建精细的遗传图谱;对化感作用的研究应当深入探讨分子机理,利用高通量测序等技术在转录组或蛋白组水平上明确宿主植物抗枯萎病相关基因,同时利用分子标记辅助育种来筛选新的抗枯萎病品种。     

流式细胞术在细菌快速检测中的应用

流式细胞仪(Flow cytometer)是集应用流体学、光学、电子学、生物学、免疫学等多门学科和技术于一体的新型高科技仪器。它的核心技术是流式细胞术(Flow cytometry,FCM),该技术是利用流式细胞仪,使单个细胞或其他微小生物粒子处于快速直线流动状态,且逐个通过光束,从而对单个细胞或微粒进行多参数(数量、大小、核酸含量、细胞活性、特定菌群或物种等)定量分析和分选的检测技术,具有快速、灵敏、精确以及便于操作等突出优点。本文简要介绍流式细胞仪的原理,并论述流式细胞技术在实验室研究、工业生产、临床诊断、环境评估等领域的细菌快速检测应用。     

内蒙古河套灌区玉米与向日葵霜冻的关键温度

以玉米和向日葵幼苗为试验材料,利用MSX-2F人工模拟霜箱系统模拟自然霜冻的降温过程,通过测定幼苗叶片的温度,观测植株冻伤、死亡情况,观测河套灌区两种主要作物玉米和向日葵的过冷却点、结冰点温度,确定以上两种作物受冻的临界温度。研究结果表明:(1)玉米幼苗全部冻死的最低温度为≤-5℃;向日葵幼苗全部冻死的最低温度为≤-6℃;(2)玉米幼苗的过冷却点主要分布在-3.5—-5℃之间,而向日葵幼苗的过冷却点主要分布在-4.0—-5.5℃之间;(3)玉米叶龄、高度与组织过冷能力呈现极显著正相关,与过冷却点温度呈现极显著的负相关,与结冰点呈现显著的负相关。以上结果表明:向日葵的抗寒能力比玉米强;玉米在一定叶龄范围内,苗龄越大,高度越高,其过冷却点越低,结冰点越低,抗寒性越强。     

Reduced ability to recover from spindle disruption and loss of kinetochore spindle assembly checkpoint proteins in oocytes from aged mice

Currently, maternal aging in women, based on mouse models, is thought to raise oocyte aneuploidy rates, because chromosome cohesion deteriorates during prophase arrest, and Sgo2, a protector of centromeric cohesion, is lost. Here we show that the most common mouse strain, C57Bl6/J, is resistant to maternal aging, showing little increase in aneuploidy or Sgo2 loss. Instead it demonstrates significant kinetochore-associated loss in the spindle assembly checkpoint protein Mad2 and phosphorylated Aurora C, which is involved in microtubule–kinetochore error correction. Their loss affects the fidelity of bivalent segregation but only when spindle organization is impaired during oocyte maturation. These findings have an impact clinically regarding the handling of human oocytes ex vivo during assisted reproductive techniques and suggest there is a genetic basis to aneuploidy susceptibility.     

Molecular cloning and expression profiling of a chalcone synthase gene from hairy root cultures of Scutellaria viscidula Bunge

A cDNA encoding chalcone synthase (CHS), the key enzyme in flavonoid biosynthesis, was isolated from hairy root cultures of Scutellaria viscidula Bunge by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The full-length cDNA of S. viscidula CHS, designated as Svchs (GenBank accession no. EU386767), was 1649 bp with a 1170 bp open reading frame (ORF) that corresponded to a deduced protein of 390 amino acid residues, a calculated molecular mass of 42.56 kDa and a theoretical isoelectric point (pI) of 5.79. Multiple sequence alignments showed that SvCHS shared high homology with CHS from other plants. Functional analysis in silico indicated that SvCHS was a hydrophilic protein most likely associated with intermediate metabolism. The active sites of the malonyl-CoA binding motif, coumaroyl pocket and cyclization pocket in CHS of Medicago sativa were also found in SvCHS. Molecular modeling indicated that the secondary structure of SvCHS contained mainly α-helixes and random coils. Phylogenetic analysis showed that SvCHS was most closely related to CHS from Scutellaria baicalensis. In agreement with its function as an elicitor-responsive gene, the expression of Svchs was induced and coordinated by methyl jasmonate. To our knowledge, this is the first report to describe the isolation and expression of a gene from S. viscidula.