Integrated species delimitation and conservation implications of an endangered weevil Pachyrhynchus sonani (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Green and Orchid Islands of Taiwan

Oceanic islands are productive habitats for generating new species and high endemism, which is primarily due to their geographical isolation, smaller population sizes and local adaptation. However, the short divergence times and subtle morphological or ecological divergence of insular organisms may obscure species identity, so the cryptic endemism on islands may be underestimated. The endangered weevil Pachyrhynchus sonani Kôno (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae: Pachyrhynchini) is endemic to Green Island and Orchid Island of the Taiwan‐Luzon Archipelago and displays widespread variation in coloration and host range, thus raising questions regarding its species boundaries and degree of cryptic diversity. We tested the species boundaries of P. sonani using an integrated approach that combined morphological (body size and shape, genital shape, coloration and cuticular scale), genetic (four genes and restriction site‐associated DNA sequencing, RAD‐seq) and ecological (host range and distribution) diversity. The results indicated that all the morphological datasets for male P. sonani, except for the colour spectrum, reveal overlapping but statistically significant differences between islands. In contrast, the morphology of the female P. sonani showed minimum divergence between island populations. The populations of P. sonani on the two islands were significantly different in their host ranges, and the genetic clustering and phylogenies of P. sonani established two valid evolutionary species. Integrated species delimitation combining morphological, molecular and ecological characters supported two distinct species of P. sonani from Green Island and Orchid Island. The Green Island population was described as P. jitanasaius sp.n. Chen & Lin, and it is recommended that its threatened conservation status be recognized. Our findings suggest that the inter‐island speciation of endemic organisms inhabiting both islands may be more common than previously thought, and they highlight the possibility that the cryptic diversity of small oceanic islands may still be largely underestimated.     

Molecular Cloning and Characterization of Transferrin from Wax Moth, Galleria mellonella

Complete mRNA sequence of transferrin from Galleria mellonella was obtained, and compared with those of other species. Until now, two types of insect transferrin were reported. Transferrins in cockroach and termite have two iron binding sites while those in most other insect groups, studied for the protein, have only one. It was suggested that the presence of two types of transferrin was related with transferrin evolution, because vertebrate transferrins have two iron binding sites, called N and C terminal lobe. It was shown that G. mellonella transferrin also has only one iron binding site (N terminal lobe), and the deduced amino acid sequence was most similar to those of Manduca sexta and Bombyx mori.     

Immune-Enhancing Activity Screening on Extracts from Two Crickets, Gryllus bimaculatus and Teleogryllus emma

This study was performed to explore novel and valuable uses of insect resources, important subjects of the natural compound used in bio‐industries. The whole bodies of two crickets, Gryllus bimaculatus and Teleogryllus emma, selected from medicinal insect species, were carefully ground and treated with 80% EtOH. The insect extracts were solubilized and separated by hexane, butanol, and D.W according to their polarities. Three types of extracts, a D.W fraction (G1) and a boiling extract (G2) of an introduced cricket, G. bimaculatus, and a D.W fraction (T1) of a Korean local cricket, T. emma, were prepared to assay immune stimulating activity of cricket originated compounds. The all of three treated cricket extracts showed to increase IL‐4, IFN‐, and TNF‐α. Among those extract, extract G2, boiled extract from G. bimaculatus, was the best immune–enhancing fraction. The results of this study could be fundamental information for further works to use insects as natural resources having plenty of potentials and varieties.     

耐药菌感染的噬菌体治疗专利技术

耐药菌,尤其是多重耐药菌的出现和持续进化给人类健康带来了巨大的威胁。在抗生素逐渐失去特效作用的情况下,科学界和医药界又把眼光重新投向了抗菌的天然生物-噬菌体,并在一些研究中证明了噬菌体可以作为新的武器去替代抗生素治疗耐药菌感染。通过对噬菌体治疗及衍生的裂解酶治疗的世界专利申请进行统计及分析,获得了专利发展趋势、申请人分布特点及主要专利申请人等信息,详细分析了噬菌体及裂解酶治疗的主要专利技术路线和研发热点。     

水稻恢复系M630稻瘟病抗性改良及其代谢组研究

稻瘟病是水稻的主要病害之一,改良水稻稻瘟病抗性对水稻生产、推广具有重要意义.本研究以携带广谱抗稻瘟病基因Pi9材料9311-Pi9为供体,水稻优良恢复系M630为受体,将杂交、回交与分子标记辅助选择和背景筛选相结合,获得改良恢复系M630-Pi9.主要农艺性状和稻米品质分析显示改良后的M630-Pi9及其杂交组合徽两优...     

沼泽红假单胞菌去除镉的研究

研究了沼泽红假单胞菌(Rhodopseudomonas palustris)S菌株的生长、Cd2 的去除与供氧光照、碳源、pH及温度的关系。结果表明:在好氧黑暗、苹果酸为碳源、pH7.0和30℃条件下,S菌株对初始浓度为25mg/L的Cd2 去除率最大,达到85%。在最佳条件下,Cd2 初始浓度为10mg/L~25mg/L时,去除率达85%,Cd2 浓度增加到150mg/L时,去除率仅为23%。测定Cd2 在菌体不同部位的分布发现菌体中富集的Cd2 63.5%在细胞壁上,33.5%在细胞原生质体内。同时,结合该菌体细胞超薄切片透射电镜观察证明了S菌株对Cd2 的去除主要在细胞壁上。     

抑制O~6-甲基鸟嘌呤-DNA甲基转移酶活性与肿瘤细胞对亚硝脲药物敏感性关系的研究

80％以上的肿瘤细胞为O~6-甲基鸟嘌吟-DNA甲基转移酶(O~6-MT)活性较高的Mer~+型,能够修复亚硝脲药物(NU)造成的DNA烷化损伤,对NU不敏感。本实验证明,用0.75,0.50和0.25mmol/L甲基亚硝脲(MNU)分别处理Mer~+型的HeLaS3,SMMC-7721和表现Mer~-型特征的Cc801,均能明显降低细胞中O~6-MT活性,从而显著提高了三种细胞对嘧啶亚硝脲和双氯乙亚硝脲的敏感性,提示降低O~6-MT活性是使用NU对Mer~+型肿瘤进行有效治疗的前提。     

好氧甲烷氧化菌生态学研究进展

好氧甲烷氧化菌是一群以甲烷为碳源和能源的细菌。好氧甲烷氧化菌在自然环境中分布广泛,人类已从土壤、淡水和海洋沉积、泥炭沼泽、热泉、海水和南极环境分离到甲烷氧化菌的纯培养。好氧甲烷氧化菌可分为14个属,包括研究较为深入的隶属于变形菌门Alpha和Gamma纲的细菌,以及属于疣微菌门的极端嗜热嗜酸甲烷氧化菌。最近,好氧甲烷氧化菌还被发现存在于苔藓类植物（尤其是泥炭苔藓）共生体中,兼性营养好氧甲烷氧化菌也被发现。本文通过对好氧甲烷氧化菌的分类、生理生化特征、分子生物学检测方法以及微生物生态学中的研究成果的总结与分析,以及对甲烷氧化菌研究所面临的问题进行讨论,以期为今后进一步开展好氧甲烷氧化菌及其在碳循环中的作用研究提供参考。     

晋西黄土区果农间作的种间主要竞争关系及土地生产力

以晋西黄土区核桃×花生、核桃×大豆、苹果×花生和苹果×大豆4种典型果农间作模式为研究对象,分析果农间作模式中作物光合有效辐射（PAR）、净光合速率（P_n）、土壤水分和产量情况.结果表明：与农作物单作相比,间作模式中作物的PAR和P_n均出现不同程度的降低,并且离树体越近,PAR和P_n越小;P_n与作物产量呈显著正相关,说明光照是影响作物产量的重要因素之一;从整体趋势来看,核桃间作农作物0～100 cm土壤水分与相应单作模式间无明显差异,而苹果间作农作物0～100 cm土壤水分与相应单作模式间差异显著,说明苹果对作物土壤水分的竞争比核桃剧烈.研究区果农间作的土地利用效率平均提高70%,经济效益平均提高14%,且核桃间作模式优于苹果间作模式.为了提高间作作物产量,应加强水肥管理、增加树体与作物的间作距离或设置根障、定期适当修剪果树并种植耐荫作物.