蚜科一新属一新种记述：同翅目：蚜总科

本文记述中国蚜虫1新属——丁化长管蚜属Chitinosiphum,模式种为丁化长管蚜C.abdomenigrum,sp.nov.,其寄主为瑞苓草Saussurea nigrescens Maxim,产地为中国陕西。     

陕西省壁蜂区系调查与利用研究：膜翅目：切叶蜂科

陕西当地存在3种壁蜂:叉壁蜂Osmia pedicornis Cockerell、凹唇壁蜂Osmiaexcavata Alfken、角额壁蜂Osmia cornifrons(Radoszkowski),其中凹唇壁蜂和角额壁蜂在陕西为首次发现。3种壁蜂于早春苹果、梨、桃、杏等果树开花前后出来活动,均有较强的访花授粉特性,野生自然条件下,多在土洞、石缝、房屋墙壁等处营巢,对人工制作的芦苇管巢和纸管巢营巢率也很高。     

电针刺激加速大鼠中枢脑啡肽的合成

应用放射免疫分析法测定大鼠纹状体、下丘脑、丘脑、桥延脑内甲啡肽和亮啡肽样免疫活性物质(Ir-MEK,Ir-LEK)的含量。脑室注射氨基肽酶抑制剂 bestatin(B)或“脑啡肽酶”抑制剂 thiorphan(T)各50μg 并不影响脑内 Ir 脑啡肽含量,合并应用 B T 各50μg 仅引起下丘脑 Ir-MEK 含量轻度上升。这说明安静状态下中枢脑啡肽的更新率不高。给大鼠电针30min 使纹状体和下丘脑 Ir-MEK 和 Ir-LEK 含量升高约40%(33—52%)(P<0.01)。在脑室注射 B T 各100μg 以及腹腔注射非特异性肽酶抑制剂 D-苯丙氨酸250mg/Kg的基础上电针,则使 Ir-MEK 和 Ir-LEK 含量升高约120%(94—147%)(P<0.01)。以上结果说明30min 电针刺激既促进脑啡肽的合成,也促进其释放。由于前者超过后者,因此静态含量升高。在中枢脑啡肽含量升高的同时,电针镇痛效果加强。说明由于肽酶抑制剂的保护作用而积聚于脑内的脑啡肽是具有功能意义的。     

口服醋酸棉酚前后人精子体外受精能力及精核转变的细胞学观察

本文报道口服醋酸棉酚对人精子体外受精能力、原核及染色体形成的影响。结果表明,在口服醋酸棉酚前的9名男性精子对金黄地鼠卵的穿透率平均为62%。每日口服20mg醋酸棉酚15天后,精子对卵的穿透率下降至47%,30天后下降至24%,50天后下降至8%。即口服醋酸棉酚50天后达到了不再具有生殖能力的精子穿透率阈值(10%)以下。原核及染色体形成的观察表明,即使口服醋酸棉酚50天后,仍可见有完整原核的形成,并未见有明显的染色体畸变。综述上列结果,似乎表明口服醋酸棉酚虽可影响人精子对去除透明带金黄地鼠卵的穿透率,而进入卵内的精子仍可形成原核及染色体。因此,仅从成熟精子的生理功能而论,口服醋酸棉酚期间它似乎并不产生可察觉的致畸效应,这与醋酸棉酚对体细胞并无致畸作用的报道相一致。     

黑腐皮壳属一新种

本文报道发生于我国沈阳地区落叶松枝上的一个新种——大孢黑腐皮壳(Valsa macro-spora sp.nov.)。新种的子囊孢子在15μm以上,属于大型种。其形态特征有汉文和拉丁文描述及其培养性状的记述。     

Critical contribution of RIPK1 mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress to compression-induced rat nucleus pulposus cells necroptosis and apoptosis

The aim of this study was to investigate whether RIPK1 mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress contributed to compression-induced nucleus pulposus (NP) cells necroptosis and apoptosis, together with the interplay relationship between necroptosis and apoptosis in vitro. Rat NP cells underwent various periods of 1.0 MPa compression. To determine whether compression affected mitochondrial function, we evaluated the mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), mitochondrial ultrastructure and ATP content. Oxidative stress-related indicators reactive oxygen species, superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde were also assessed. To verify the relevance between oxidative stress and necroptosis together with apoptosis, RIPK1 inhibitor necrostatin-1(Nec-1), mPTP inhibitor cyclosporine A (CsA), antioxidants and small interfering RNA technology were utilized. The results established that compression elicited a time-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction and elevated oxidative stress. Nec-1 and CsA restored mitochondrial function and reduced oxidative stress, which corresponded to decreased necroptosis and apoptosis. CsA down-regulated mitochondrial cyclophilin D expression, but had little effects on RIPK1 expression and pRIPK1 activation. Additionally, we found that Nec-1 largely blocked apoptosis; whereas, the apoptosis inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK increased RIPK1 expression and pRIPK1 activation, and coordinated regulation of necroptosis and apoptosis enabled NP cells survival more efficiently. In contrast to Nec-1, SiRIPK1 exacerbated mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. In summary, RIPK1-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress play a crucial role in NP cells necroptosis and apoptosis during compression injury. The synergistic regulation of necroptosis and apoptosis may exert more beneficial effects on NP cells survival, and ultimately delaying or even retarding intervertebral disc degeneration.     

Metagenomic next-generation sequencing as a diagnostic tool for toxoplasmic encephalitis

Background

More than 100 different pathogens can cause encephalitis. Testing of all the neurological pathogens by conventional methods can be difficult. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (NGS) could identify the infectious agents in a target-independent manner. The role of this novel method in clinical diagnostic microbiology still needs to be evaluated. In present study, we used metagenomic NGS to search for an infectious etiology in a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patient with lethally diffuse brain lesions. Sequences mapping to Toxoplasma gondii were unexpectedly detected.

Case presentation

A 31-year-old HIV-infected patient presented to hospital in a critical ill condition with a Glasgow coma scale score of 3. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed diffuse brain abnormalities with contrast enhancement. Metagenomic NGS was performed on DNA extract from 300 μL patient’s cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) with the BGISEQ-50 platform. The sequencing detection identified 65,357 sequence reads uniquely aligned to the Toxoplasma gondii genome. Presence of Toxoplasma gondii genome in CSF was further verified by Toxoplasma gondii-specific polymerase chain reaction and Sanger sequencing. Altogether, those results confirmed the diagnosis of toxoplasmic encephalitis.

Conclusions

This study suggests that metagenomic NGS may be a useful diagnostic tool for toxoplasmic encephalitis. As metagenomic NGS is able to identify all pathogens in a single run, it may be a promising strategy to explore the clinical causative pathogens in central nervous system infections with atypical features.

     

A sensitive surface‐enhanced Raman scattering method for chondroitin sulfate with Victoria blue 4R molecular probes in nanogold sol substrate

Using silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as the nanocatalyst, l ‐cysteine rapidly reduced HAuCl₄ to make a stable gold nanoparticle sol (Ag/AuNP) that had a high surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) activity in the presence of Victoria blue 4R (VB4r) molecular probes. Under the selected conditions, chondroitin sulfate (Chs) reacted with the VB4r probes to form associated complexes that caused the SERS effect to decrease to 1618 cm^?1. The decreased SERS intensity was linear to the Chs concentration in the range 3.1–500 ng/ml, with a detection limit of 1.0 ng/ml Chs. Accordingly, we established a simple and sensitive SERS quantitative analysis method to determine Chs in real samples, with a relative standard deviation of 1.47–3.16% and a recovery rate of 97.6–104.2%.     

A simple gold nanoplasmonic SERS method for trace Hg2+ based on aptamer‐regulating graphene oxide catalysis

The as‐prepared graphene oxide (GO) exhibited a strong catalytic effect on reduction of HAuCl₄ by trisodium citrate to form gold nanoplasmons (AuNPs) with a strong surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) effect at 1615 cm^?1 in the presence of molecular probe Victoria blue 4R (VB4r). SERS intensity increased with nanocatalyst GO concentration due to the formation of more AuNP substrates. The aptamer (Apt) of Hg²⁺ can bind to GO to form Apt–GO complexes, which can strongly inhibit nanocatalysis. When target Hg²⁺ is present, the formed stable Hg²⁺–Apt complexes are separated from the GO surface, which leads to GO catalysis recovery. The enhanced SERS signal was linear to Hg²⁺ concentration in the range 0.25–10 nmol/L, with a detection limit of 0.08 nmol/L Hg²⁺. Thus, a new gold nanoplasmon molecular spectral analysis platform was established for detecting Hg²⁺, based on Apt regulation of GO nanocatalysis.     

城市湖泊景观水体形态定量研究

湖泊水体形态是景观空间的重要组成部分,以往对于湖泊景观水体形态的研究多囿于定性描述,本文引入了定量方法对城市湖泊景观的水体形态展开研究,采用基本几何、分形几何与欧式几何形态指标对水体形态进行描述,以28个公众认可度高的城市湖泊为案例,通过定量评价得到水体形态指标数值或区间,并基于线性回归分析,探讨了各个指标之间的影响及关联,解析归纳了湖泊景观水体的“形态”特征。