On the Methods and Principles of MolecularIdentification of Chinese Herbs

Accurate identification of herbal medicinal materials is relevant to the safety of human life and economic interests. Traditional identification methods, including sensory evaluation, microscopic identification, physical and chemical identification, all have their limitations. Molecular identification brings a new opportunity for accurate identification of herbal medicinal materials. However, prior to its wide adoption, the methods and principles of molecular identification should be fully discussed. In this paper, we proposed a set of new methods for molecular authentication of herbal medicinal materials: 1) Identification between authenticity and adulteration by using specific polymerase chain reaction; 2) Identification between official herb and substitute by using the method of DNA barcoding; 3) Identification among multiple species of one official herbs by constructing genealogy among closely related species based on population genetics; 4) Identification among herbs of different geographical origins by phylogeography based analysis. For those that can not be identified by above four methods, more rapidly evolved markers such as microsatellite should be employed and individual based analysis could be adopted.     

伊洛河流域外来草本植物分布格局

外来生物入侵及其防治已经成为生态学关注的重点和热点问题.目前的研究主要集中在外来入侵种上,然而入侵种仅占外来种中很少一部分,因此,研究外来种现有分布格局对研究生物入侵及其防治有重要意义.以伊洛河流域草本植物群落中的外来种为对象,沿河从河源地到入黄河口选取典型样地,在调查流域内草本植物群落中物种组成的基础上选取外来种,并对外来种种类组成及其分布格局进行研究.结果表明:流域内有外来草本植物27种,分属于15科,种类较多的科为菊科、苋科和豆科;引入方式以有意引种为主.流域横向不同生境间,河滩地在水流的养分富集、季节性洪水物理干扰及人为活动扰动作用下,呈现出受外来种分布较多,而受人类活动扰动最强且营养丰富的农田分布较小的分布格局;纵向环境梯度下,上游河源山地属于自然植被区,人为干扰较轻,且受外来种影响较小;中游丘陵区从自然生态系统向农业生态系统的过渡区域,人类活动的扰动有所加强;下游平原农业区,人类活动强烈,区域内以人工生态系统为主,群落物种组成简单但受外来种影响最大,受自然环境和人类活动的双重影响.不同物种在不同生境间差异明显,其中,小蓬草、钻叶紫菀和反枝苋广泛分布于3种生境中.总体上,伊洛河外来草本植物分布格局在自然因素的基础上强烈受人为因素的影响,呈现出从上游到下游逐渐增多的趋势.     

环境因子对东洞庭湖优势冬季水鸟分布的影响

东洞庭湖国家级自然保护区是我国乃至全球湿地水鸟的重要越冬栖息地,研究水鸟群落与环境因子之间的关系,对修复鸟类栖息地具有重要意义.2010和2011年冬季分别对东洞庭湖湿地冬季水鸟进行调查,采用典范对应分析(CCA)分析环境因子与优势水鸟分布的关系,采用偏CCA评估各环境因子的影响强度.结果表明： 到道路距离、到居民距离、斑块密度、植被类型数、水面面积和苔草面积对东洞庭湖冬季水鸟分布具有显著影响(P<0.05),其影响强度为苔草面积>斑块密度>到居民距离>植被类型数>水面面积>到道路距离,苔草面积和斑块密度对水鸟分布的影响达极显著水平(P<0.01),是影响东洞庭湖湿地冬季水鸟的主要环境因子;景观多样性和芦苇面积对水鸟分布的影响未达到显著水平(P>0.05).回归分析结果显示,环境因子对不同水鸟丰富度的影响不同,白琵鹭、罗纹鸭和黑腹滨鹬丰富度随苔草面积增大而减小,随斑块密度增大而增大;豆雁、白额雁、小白额雁和绿翅鸭丰富度随苔草面积增大而增大,随斑块密度增大而减小.东洞庭湖冬季水鸟分布是由以苔草面积、斑块密度为主的多环境因子综合作用的结果.     

梅与山桃远缘杂交亲和性初步研究

为培育早花抗寒梅花新品种,以梅(Prunus mume)品种‘江梅’(P.mume‘Jiangmei’)、‘淡丰后’(P.mume‘Dan Fenghou’)与山桃(P.davidiana)、‘白花’山桃(P.davidiana‘Alba’)为亲本进行杂交试验,记录种间杂交结实率,观察花粉管生长,对未成熟胚进行培养。结果表明:(1)梅与山桃、‘白花’山桃杂交结实率很低,‘江梅’ב白花’山桃未结果,结实率最高的组合为‘淡丰后’×山桃,也仅有7.4%,且杂交果实的果核内部分胚干瘪、败育。(2)山桃和‘白花’山桃的花粉在梅柱头上都能正常萌发,但花粉管生长受抑制,多数花粉管到达花柱中部即弯曲、缠绕、断裂,花粉管生长过程中有大量的胼胝质产生,表现较低的杂交亲和性,但不同种间杂交亲和程度又有所不同。(3)通过未成熟胚培养获得了杂种苗。研究表明,梅与同属种杂交存在不亲和性,幼胚拯救是获得梅与李属其他种远缘杂交杂种苗的有效途径。     

棉花纤维品质性状主要由母体植株基因型决定

摘要: 以海岛棉海1为供体亲本, 中221、中棉所36(中36)两个陆地棉品种(系)为轮回亲本配制了两套杂交回交的组合: 中36×海1组合和中221×海1组合。通过对这2套组合的不同世代群体杂交铃、自交铃纤维品质性状的分析, 结果: 以分离群体BC₁F₁为父本, 轮回亲本中221、中36分别为母本时, 母体植株上的杂交铃(BC₂F₀)的纤维品质性状与父本BC₁F₁群体植株上自交铃的纤维品质性状之间在平均值、极差和变异系数上存在显著差异, 相关性不显著, 而与母本(轮回亲本)值接近; 又以分离群体BC₂F₁为母本, 轮回亲本中221、中36分别为父本, 母体植株上的杂交铃(BC₃F₀)纤维品质与母本BC₂F₁群体植株上自交铃的纤维品质性状在平均值、极差和变异系数上接近, 除整齐度以外, 纤维长度、比强度、麦克隆值和伸长率都达到了极显著的正相关。这些结果表明, 杂交铃的纤维品质偏向母体植株上的自交铃的纤维品质, 父本花粉的基因型对杂交当代种子上的纤维品质没有显著的影响, 杂交铃种子上的纤维品质主要由当代种子的表皮细胞基因型即母体植株基因型决定, 而当代种子胚的基因型作用不明显。     

不同培养条件对铁线莲不定芽增殖及玻璃化的影响

以铁线莲品种'Multi-Blue'萌发的新芽为外植体,从植物生长调节物质(BA和NAA)及转接周期等方面,探讨控制或减轻铁线莲'Multi-Blue'组培苗玻璃化的途径.结果表明:(1)接种在含MS+1.0 mg·L-1 BA+0.1 mg·L-1 NAA培养基中的'Multi-Blue'不定芽有效增殖系数最高,达4.18,显著高于其他处理;BA/NAA相对比值对不定芽有效增殖率无显著性影响;铁线莲'Multi-Blue'继代培养的最佳周期为14 d.(2)叶片超微结构观察发现,铁线莲'Multi-Blue'玻璃化苗叶肉细胞中的叶绿体膨胀,体积增大,形状不规则;类囊体片层或消失或变得模糊不清;嗜锇滴体积增大,细胞核固缩.     

The Commelina Yellow Mottle Virus Promoter Is a Strong Promoter in Vascular Tissue of Transgenic Gossypium hirsutum Plants

Explants of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. Jingmian 7) were transformed with Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Smith et Townsend ) Conn LBA4404 harboring an expression cassette composed of CoYMV (Commelina Yellow Mottle Virus) promoter-gus-nos terminator on the plant expression vector pBcopd2. Transgenic plants were regenerated and selected on a medium containing kanamycin. GUS (β-glucuronidase) activity assays and Southern blot analysis confirmed that the chimerical gus gene was integrated into and expressed in the regenerated cotton plants. Plant expression vector pBI121 was also transferred into the same cotton variety and the regenerated transgenic plants were used as a positive control in GUS activity analysis. Evidences from histochemical analysis of GUS activity demonstrated that under the control of a 597 bp CoYMV promoter the gus gene was highly expressed in the vascular tissues of leaves, petioles, stems, roots, hypocotyls, bracteal leaves and most of the flower parts while GUS activity could not be detected in stigma, anther sac and developing cotton fibers of the transgenic cotton plants. GUS specific activity in various organs and tissues from transgenic cotton lines was determined and the results indicated that the CoYMV promoter-gus activities were at the same level or higher than that of CaMV 35S promoter-gus in leaf veins and roots where the vascular tissues occupy a relatively larger part of the organs, but in other organs like leaves, cotyledons and hypocotyls where the vascular tissues occupy a smaller part of the organs the CoYMV promoter-gus activity was only 1/3-1/5 of the CaMV 35S promoter-gus activity. The GUS activity ratio between veins and leaves was averaged 0.5 for 35S-GUS plants and about 2.0 for CoYMV promoter-gus transgenic plants. These results further demonstrated the vascular specific property of the promoter in transgenic cotton plants. An increasing trend of GUS activity in leaf vascular tissues of transgenic cotton plants developing from young to older was observed.     

人14-3-3蛋白家族的生物信息学分析

目的:分析人14-3-3蛋白家族的同源性及分子进化关系。方法:利用已公布的人基因组数据库,采用BLASTN程序检索人14-3-3蛋白家族各成员的编码基因和假基因,并利用DNAMAN软件进行序列联配,绘制其分子进化树。结果:该家族半数成员具有多个假基因序列,为返转座类型假基因。进化分析表明该家族有共同的祖先,可归为3个亚类。结论:人14-3-3蛋白家族每个成员长期进化所形成的多样性提示其功能具有独特性。