USE OF SENSORY EVALUATION FOR MEASURING DEODORIZING EFFECTS OF AN AIR CONDITIONER

The application of sensory methodology for measuring deodorizing effect of an air conditioner equipped with electric plasma was introduced. Deodorizing effect was measured using chemical and sensory methods at different time (0, 30 and 60 min) and mode (control, blowing and cooling) of an air conditioner. Smoke from a roll of cigarette in a closed room was used as a source of odor and the concentrations of acetic acid and ammonia were measured as odorous chemical components. As one of the sensory methods triangle test was used and as a first step to obtain deodorizing effects by triangle test, the threshold of each panelist was obtained as the log dilution ratio of odor concentration at which the difference from odorless air was detected. The odor concentration at each time and mode was calculated using the threshold of the panel and the deodorizing effect was obtained on the basis of the odor concentration. In addition to a triangle test, scaling methods such as category scaling or magnitude estimation were used to measure deodorizing effect of an air conditioner. Deodorizing effects by scaling methods were calculated based on odor intensity with time at each mode. The regression analysis was done between the efficacy of deodorizing effect by sensory test and those by acetic acid and ammonia, the R² values of the regression equations for triangle test, category scale, and magnitude estimation were 0.84, 0.72 and 0.69, respectively. Deodorizing effect by triangle test explained the decrease of acetic acid and ammonia better than those by category scaling or magnitude estimation while high cost and time consuming labor involved in triangle tests reduced the merit. The results of this study demonstrated that various sensory methods could be used to measure deodorizing effect of air conditioners and further researches on fast and reliable methods are needed to establish the official procedures.     

日本松干蚧的重要天敌——隐斑瓢虫的初步研究

隐斑瓢虫是近年来在杭州地区发现的日本松干蚧的一种重要捕食性天敌。该虫在杭州一年发生四代,其年发生规律基本上和日本松干蚧的生活周期相吻合,而且能在松林中形成比较稳定的群落。根据测定,隐斑瓢虫对日本松干蚧各虫态的捕食能力较强,一头成虫的日平均捕食量为:显露若虫13.33头,雌成虫4.27头,卵囊3.67个(每个卵囊内平均有卵265.5粒),雄蛹28.27只;一头幼虫全期(或2—4龄和3—4龄)分别能捕食显露若虫39.20—105.56头,雌成虫40.80—47.79头,卵囊39.38—41.79个,雄蛹220.50只。它在引进辽宁省沈阳和旅大地区后,不仅仍能正常的捕食日本松干蚧(显露若虫),其成虫和幼虫喂以各种蚜虫均能正常生殖和发育,并且一年可以繁殖三代:冬季,只要在0℃以上的温度条件下,给予少量的糖水等作补充营养,亦能安全的越冬。据此,作者认为隐斑瓢虫在浙江杭州和辽宁,均具有作为控制日本松干蚧的发生来加以饲养繁殖与利用的价值。     

The Effects on Temperature on Growth in vitro of Pseudomonas syringae and Xanthomonas pruni

Growth rates in vitro of Pseudomonas syringae and Xanthomonas pruni were measured over the temperature range 0–36 °C. The estimated temperature optimum for X. pruni was 31 °C, with a doubling time of 1.53 h. The estimated temperature optimum for P. syringae was 28 °C with a doubling time of 1.27 h, although analysis showed no significant difference in the doubling times over the range 23–33 °C, indicating an unusual plateau at the maximum rate of growth of this organism. P. syringae and related plant pathogenic Pseudomonas spp. grew well at low temperatures, but X. pruni did not. Cultures of P. syringae and X. pruni had a very short lag phase after their incubation temperature was changed from 4 °C to a temperature close to their optimum (29 °C). When the incubation temperature of these organisms was changed from 11.5–29 °C, X. pruni grew without a lag phase at the rate expected for the higher temperature. However, the initial growth rate of P. syringae at the higher temperature was significantly greater than that at which the organism subsequently developed. The ecological significance of these points is discussed. The usefulness of the Arrhenius coefficients as characteristics of these organisms is discussed.     

Lysosomal Membrane Proteins of Amoeba proteus, as Studied with Monoclonal Antibodies

Monoclonal antibodies were prepared against lysosomal membrane proteins of amoebae and used to follow lysosome-phagosome fusion after induced phagocytosis. The specificity of antibodies was checked by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy, immunoelectron microscopy, and localization of the antigen in subcellular fractions. The antibody-recognized proteins started to appear on the membranes of phagolysosomes about 5 min after phagocytosis as detected by indirect immunofluorescence, and the intensity of fluorescence increased for up to 1 h. Results of injection experiments in which purified antibodies had been injected into living cells and probed by indirect fluorescence indicated that the antigens were located on the cytoplasmic side of the lysosomal membranes. Lysosomes fuse with phagosomes on the one hand but not with non-fusible vesicles such as symbiosomes on the other. The results support the view that a membrane component(s) of non-fusible vesicles somehow prevents lysosomoes from fusing with them.     

New durophagous arthrodires from Gogo, Western Australia

Three new monotypic genera of eubrachythorarid arthrodires with crushing toothplates are described from the Upper Devonian Gogo Formation of Western Australia as Bruntonichthys multidens gen. et sp. nov., Bullerichthysfascidens gen. et sp. nov. and Kendrickkhthys cavemosus gen. et sp. nov. Their structure and relationships are discussed within the framework provided by a sketch cladogram. All three are interchangeable with Coccosteus spp. but their phylogenetic relationships are not known in any detail. However, Kendrickkhthys does appear to be immediately related to Dinomylostoma from North America.     

松梢蚧

松梢蚧又称松针蚧,是同翅目珠蚧科松蚧属专寄生在松树针叶上的害虫。由于它发生起始于松树梢头的新针叶,有些地区的群众称它为松梢蚧,表达了它发生的特点。松树受害严重的可使枝梢上的针叶大部脱落,影响松树生长。 在我国浙江早已发现中华松梢蚧(Matsucoccus sinensis Chen)。Ferris(1950)重新描述了在昆明云南松上采到的所谓中华松梢蚧。我们研究了从昆明采集的标本,发现它不是中华松梢蚧,而是一个新种。Ferris的鉴定和重新描述,很容易引起对中华松梢蚧的误解。     

Fat, Energy and Mammalian Survival

Adipose tissue plays a critical role in mammalian life historystrategies, serving as an organ for the storage of food andenergy, as a source of heat and water and as thermal insulation.The food and energy storage roles are especially important inallowing the animals to survive food shortages and stressesassociated with competition for mates, territorial defense,gestation and lactation, and to accomplish migrations. The composition,cellularity and anatomical site of adipose depots in a mammalcan influence both the amount of fat stored and its availabilityand usefulness in any given situation. The fatty acids and complexlipids in adipose tissue, blood vessels, nerves and brain changein response to ambient temperature and the low body temperaturesduring hibernation. Early nutrition may influence the numberof fat cells developed by a mammal, and thus affect its abilityto survive adversity. Desert species develop localized depotswhich will not interfere with temperature regulation, whileanimals in cold environments use their extensive superficialfat layers as insulation.     

Heterophylly in Ranunculus flabellaris Raf.: The Effect of Abscisic Acid

Ranunculus flabellaris Raf., the Yellow Water-Crowfoot, is aheterophyllous semi-aquatic dicotyledonous plant, showing strikingmorphological and anatomical differences between terrestrialleaves and those formed underwater. After plants are submergedin a 25 µM solution of abscisic acid, leaves are producedat a normal rate but they exhibit many of the characteristicsof terrestrial leaves. Ranunculus flabellaris Raf., Yellow Water-Crowfoot, heterophylly, abscisic acid