短期氮-水处理对刨花楠幼苗细根根序形态的影响

以种子来源于江西遂川的1年生刨花楠扦插苗为材料,设置田间持水量的80%、40% 2个水分水平,以及不添加(0 kg N·hm^-2)、低氮(50 kg N·hm^-2)、高氮(100 kg N·hm^-2) 3个氮添加水平共6种处理的氮-水交互受控试验,测定不同处理刨花楠幼苗3个根序细根比根长、比表面积、平均直径和根组织密度,分析短期氮添加、干旱胁迫及两者交互作用对刨花楠幼苗细根的影响.结果表明: 刨花楠幼苗细根平均直径、比根长在不同根序间差异显著.随根序的增加,刨花楠幼苗细根平均直径增加,其中3级根最大,为0.97 mm;而比根长降低,3级根最小,为238.99 cm·g^-1.氮添加对刨花楠细根的比表面积、平均直径、比根长和根组织密度无显著影响,而水分对刨花楠细根平均直径、比根长、根组织密度影响显著.干旱胁迫明显促进幼苗3级细根直径的增加,降低了1、2级细根根组织密度.干旱环境下幼苗3级根的比根长明显低于正常供水环境下幼苗.氮水交互作用对刨花楠细根形态影响不显著.     

不同苹果砧穗组合的生长及光合特性

以‘垂丝海棠’（Malus halliana）和‘平邑甜茶’（Malus hupehensis）为基砧,分别嫁接品种‘烟富6号’和‘长富2号’接穗,测定4种砧穗组合的嫁接亲和性、接穗生长量、光合与荧光参数及叶绿素含量（SPAD）,并用主成分分析法综合评价砧穗组合的优劣,探讨不同苹果砧穗组合嫁接苗的生长及光合特性,为西北盐碱地选择适宜的苹果砧木提供理论依据。结果表明：（1）4种砧穗组合中‘垂丝海棠/烟富6号’的上下口粗度比最接近1,嫁接亲和性最好。（2）整个生长期内,以‘垂丝海棠’为基砧的2个组合嫁接苗的生长量、净光合速率（P_n）、最大荧光（F_m）、PSⅡ最大光能转化率（F_v/F_m）均显著大于‘平邑甜茶’为基砧的组合,但其胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）及初始荧光（F₀）显著低于‘平邑甜茶’为基砧的组合;光化学猝灭系数（qP）在4种砧穗组合中无显著差异。（3）在8月份光照强度较高时,‘垂丝海棠/烟富6号’ 嫁接苗的气孔导度（G_s）高于其他砧穗组合;以‘垂丝海棠’为基砧的2个组合嫁接苗叶片的蒸腾速率（T_r）和相对叶绿素含量（SPAD）显著高于‘平邑甜茶’ 基砧组合。（4）根据主成分分析对各项指标进行综合评价,按照4个砧穗组合的综合得分由高到低依次为：‘垂丝海棠/烟富6号’、‘垂丝海棠/长富2号’、‘平邑甜茶/长富2号’、‘平邑甜茶/烟富6号’。研究发现,基砧‘垂丝海棠’的适应性优于‘平邑甜茶’,且‘垂丝海棠/烟富6号’砧穗组合的嫁接亲和性高,长势强,光合能力优,为甘肃中部地区适宜的砧穗组合。     

Enantiomeric neolignans from Picrasma quassioides exhibit distinctive cytotoxicity on hepatic carcinoma cells through ROS generation and apoptosis induction

Three pairs of enantiomeric neolignans 1a/1b–3a/3b were isolated from the stems of Picrasma quassioides, and separated successfully by chiral-phase HPLC. Their structures were established by comprehensive spectroscopic analyses as well as ECD spectroscopy. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the isolates was evaluated against human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 and Hep3B cells. Among them, 1 and its enantiomers 1a/1b, 3 and 3a/3b displayed similar cytotoxicity in pair-wise comparison against HepG2 and Hep3B cells, and the similar effects of 2 and 2a/2b were found in Hep3B cells. Interestingly, 2a and 2b had different cytotoxic activities on HepG2 cells with IC₅₀ values of 35.6?μM and 104.4?μM, respectively. In addition, 2 exerted middle cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells with an IC₅₀ value of 78.6?μM. The different cytotoxicity between enantiomers 2a and 2b attracted our interest. To investigate the underlying mechanisms responsible for the distinct cytotoxicity, we further assessed the effects of 2a and 2b on cell cycle distribution, cell apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The results indicated that 2a had more significant effect than 2b on apoptosis induction and ROS generation, but both had no obvious effect on cell cycle of HepG2 cells. It is concluded that the different configurations of 2a/2b determined the enantioselective cytotoxicity on HepG2 cells through apoptosis induction and ROS generation.     

Temporal selectivity for complex signals by single neurons in the torus semicircularis of Pleurodema thaul (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae)

Responses of auditory neurons in the torus semicircularis (TS) of Pleurodema thaul, a leptodactylid from Chile, to synthetic stimuli having diverse temporal patterns and to digitized advertisement calls of P. thaul and three sympatric species, were recorded to investigate their temporal response selectivities. The advertisement call of this species consists of a long sequence of sound pulses (a pulse-amplitude-modulated, or PAM, signal) having a dominant frequency of about 2000 Hz. Each of the sound pulses contains intra-pulse sinusoidal-amplitude-modulations (SAMs). Synthetic stimuli consisted of six series in which the following acoustic parameters were systematically modified, one at a time: PAM rate, pulse duration, number of pulses, and intra-pulse SAM rate. The carrier frequency of these stimuli was set at the characteristic frequency (CF) of the isolated units (n = 47). Response patterns of TS units to synthetic call variants reveal different degrees of selectivities for each of the temporal variables, with populations of neurons responding maximally to specific values found in the advertisement call of this species. These selectivities are mainly shaped by neuronal responsiveness to the overall sound energy of the stimulus and by the inability of neurons to discharge to short inter-pulse gaps. Accepted: 30 October 1996     

粪产碱菌nif H,nif D和部分nif K的克隆、定位及序列分析

提取粪产碱菌(Alcaligenes faecalis)总DNA,经限制性内切酶酶切和琼脂糖凝胶电泳,以含肺炎克氏杆菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)nif H和nif H-D基因的DNA片段为探针进行Southern杂交,筛选出与nif HDK同源的4.6kb片段,克隆到pBluesript SK~+载体上,构建了重组质粒pBZl.经亚克隆、酶切、DNA序列分析后发现,粪产碱菌具有与其它固氮菌相似的结构特征,其nif HDK共用1个启动子,具有上游激活序列UAS,RNA聚合酶σ⁵⁴因子识别序列、1个A-T富集区和SD序列.nifH和nif D的阅读框架分别为888和1476bp,GC含量各为61.6%和60.2%.nifH-nif D和nif D-nif K的基因间隔区长度分别为101和105bp,各存在1个7bp的反向重复和1个SD序列.由阅读框架(ORF)推导的铁蛋白和钼铁蛋白α亚基的氨基酸序列与其它固氮菌相比有较高的同源性,高度保守的氨基酸残基所处的位置也很相似.同源性比较说明,粪产碱菌与棕色固氮菌(Azotobacter vinelandii)同源性最高.     

PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS REACTION OF CHINESE CABBAGE, BRASSICA CHINENSIS, INFESTED BY DIAMONDBACK, PLUTELLA XYLOSTELLA

Abstract The enzymatic activities of superoxidae dismutase (SOD), hydrogen peroxidae(CAT), peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and the content of phenol in the leaves of Chinese cabbage, Brassica chinensis , changed rapidly after the cabbage leaves were infested by the larvae of diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xyhstetta . Variations of the SOD, CAT, POD and PPO activities and the phenol content of damaged leaves within a day are generally different from that of undamaged normal leaves, which might result from the excessive stress caused by DBM infestation. The content of phenol and the activity of PPO are negatively correlated in the normal leaves, but the change is not the same as that in the damaged leaves. It is thus evident that the physiological disorder was caused by feeding activity of DBM in the cabbage plants, and the physiological stress response of the Chinese cabbage is prone systematically to the feeding of DBM. The defensive system of the Chinese cabbage could be destroyed by the infestation of DBM larvae, and there might be other defensive mechanisms in the cabbage resistant to the damage of DBM.     

巴山酋龙的颌骨

巴山酋龙 (Datousaurus bashanensis Dong and Tang ,1984)是四川盆地大山铺中侏罗世蜥脚类恐龙 ,亦称大头龙。其主要特征之一为硕壮的头骨。文中对保存于重庆自然博物馆的酋龙上下颌骨新材料进行较详细的记述。保存的前上颌骨长、高 (前端 )、厚分别为 120mm ,125mm和 40mm ;上颌骨长为 280mm ;下颌齿骨高为145mm。估计每侧上、下颌齿数分别为 14和 12枚。牙齿粗大 ,勺状 ,排列紧密。推测头骨长可达 6 7cm ,是已知蜥脚类恐龙中最硕大的。与大山铺同一地点其它蜥脚类相比 ,巴山酋龙的颌骨也不尽相同 ,这为进一步探讨其食性及古环境提供新的线索。     

Pollination Biology in Cimicifuga nanchuanensis,an Endangered Species (Ranunculaceae)

The pollination biology of Cimicifuga nanchuanensis Hsiso, an endangered species and C. siraplex Wormsk, a widespread species as a control, has been studied. Protandry occurs in both species, the former goes further than the latter. The breeding system of C. nanchuanensis is dominantly xenogamous. The average visitation rate of flies as the main pollinators is 1.1 and 0.6 per flower per day at anthesis and after stamen shedding respectively. C. simplex is mainly an entomophilous plant. However, wind pollination could occur within a short distance. Moreover, a certain ratio of self pollination exists also in this species. The mean visitation rates of flies and bees, the main pollinators of C. simplex, are 1.4 and 1.2 respectively at anthesis. The pollinating insects of both plant species are attracted by their big inflorescences and the fragrant odor. Nectar, the reward for pollinators, produces in the secretory cells at the base of the spoonform staminode. In natural conditions, an average of 17 pollen grains are found on the surface of a stigma resulting in a mean seed set rate of 45.9 %. Pollination limitation (very few pollinators and their low efficiency of pollination) in C. nanchuanensis is one of the weak links in its life cycle and one of the reasons for the endangerment of this species.