Leaf epidermal features of Rhododendron (Ericaceae)from China and their systematic significance

Rhododendron is the largest genus within the subfamily Rhododendroideae, which has about 1000 known species in the world and more than 500 species in China. Since the genus was established by Linnaeus, its infrageneric relationships have been well studied by many taxonomists on the basis of morphological characters and molecular data. In 1996, Chamberlain et al. proposed a new system of Rhododendron with eight subgenera, i.e., Azaleastrum, Candidastrum, Hymenanthes, Mumeazalea, Pentanthera, Rhododendron, Therorhodion, and Tsutsusi. In this paper, micromorphological characters of leaf epidermis in 4 varieties, 48 species, 6 subgenera of Rhododendron from China were examined using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Leaf epidermal features are described and micromorphological types are distinguished here according to morphological characters such as scale, gland, foliar trichome and stomatal apparatus of leaf epidermis. It is shown that the leaf epidermal cells are usually irregular or polygonal in shape. The patterns of anticlinal walls are straight, arched or undulate. The stomatal apparatuses are anomocytic and are usually found on abaxial, not adaxial, epidermis. The results also show that: (1) the lepidote rhododendron (i.e., subgen. Rhododendron), which has both scales and papillae on leaf epidermis, differs distinctly from the elepidote rhododendron; (2) three types of leaf epidermis are identified in subgen. Hymenanthes (i.e., R. fortunei-type, R. chihsinianum-type and R. simiarum-type), whereas four in subgen. Tsutsusi (i.e., R. mariesii-type, R. simsii-type, R. mariae-type and R. flosculum-type); (3) except for R. westlandii and R. henryi, the species of subgen. Azaleastrum show similar morphological characters, i.e., dense stomatal apparatuses surrounded by ringed or discontinuous striates; (4) R. molle of subgen. Pentanthera differs from the species of other subgenera on morphological characters such as foliar trichomes, dense stomatal apparatuses with asymmetrical outer stomatal rims surrounded by undulate-striates, and no gland; (5) only R. redowskianum is found with distinct T-pieces at the polar region of guard cells in Rhododendron. The results support the conclusion inferred from molecular systematic studies that subgen. Therorhodion is the basal clade of Rhododendron. Finally, the relationships between the closely related species are also discussed on the basis of leaf epidermal features.     

变蛋袋料液配方的研究

变蛋袋浸渍料液中NaOH浓度是决定变蛋凝固性的关键因子。在一定范围内 ,其浓度每增减 0 .65% ,始凝日期可增减一天。其中料液重 1 1 g、NaOH浓度 7.76%、始凝日期 1 1天组为最适配比。     

Molecular systematic studies on the tribe Polygonateae (s. l.) in China based on RFLPs data of PCR-amplified chloroplast DNA fragments

Phylogenetic relationships in the tribe Polygonateae s. l. of Liliaceae were investigated with an RFLP analysis of two PCR-amplified chloroplast genome DNA fragments. One fragment is the transfer RNA gene for lysine( trnK gene) including the maturase-encoding gene matK, and the other is the rpl16 gene which codes for a chloroplast ribosomal protein in large subunit. The trnK gene is ca. 2600 bp in length in all the taxa, but the rpl16 gene ranges from ca. 1140 bp to ca. 1320 bp in length among different genera and in Polygonatum. The results suggested that the tribe Polygonateae s. str. consisting of Polygonatum, Disporopsis, Smilacina and Maianthemum is closely related to Convallaria in Convallarieae, and supported the earlier results that Streptopus and Disporum should be removed out from the tribe Polygonateae s. l.. The results also showed that Polygonatum formed a clad with Disporopsis, while Smilacina lumped with Maianthemum in the tribe Polygonateae s. str.. In addition, the present study supports the view that S. ginfoshanicumshould be transferred from Smilacina to Polygonatum.     

钙、硼对花生生长、产量和品质的影响

在土壤代换性钙和有效硼含量分别为0.84me/100g和0.163mg/kg的条件下,研究了施钙、施硼及钙、硼配施对花生生长、产量和品质的影响。结果表明,施用钙肥能提高花生的产量和品质;施用硼肥能改善品质,但在产量上却产生负效应;钙、硼配施也能提高产量,但主效应仍然是钙。施用钙硼肥料不但使花生成熟期植株中钙、硼含量提高,而且种植花生后土壤中的钙、硼残留量也明显增加。     

稀有鮈鲫与其他模式实验鱼类基因组大小的比较

稀有(鱼句)鲫 (Gobiocypris rarusYe et Fu)是我国特有的小型实验鱼类,具有性成熟期短、繁殖季节长、产卵频率高等特点1,已在生态毒理和鱼病学等研究中得到应用,显示了它作为实验鱼类的良好潜力。       

巴西酋龙的颌骨

巴山酋龙（Ｄａｔｏｕｓａｕｒｕｓ ｂａｓｈａｎｅｎｓｉｓ Ｄｏｎｇ ａｎｄ Ｔａｎｇ,１９８４）是四川盆地大山铺中侏罗侏罗世蜥脚类恐龙,亦称大头龙。其主要特征之,为硕壮的头骨,文中对保存于重庆自然博物馆的酋龙上下颌骨新材料进行较详细的记述。保存的前上颌骨上,高（前端）、厚分别为１２０ｍｍ,１２５ｍｍ和４０ｍｍ;上颌骨上为２８０ｍｍ;下颌齿骨高为１４５ｍｍ。估计每侧上、下颌齿数分别为１４和１２枚。牙     

典型黑土区不同生态系统土壤团聚体有机碳分布特征

基于团聚体分组和闭蓄态微团聚体分离技术,利用典型黑土区27年长期定位试验,研究草地生态系统、农田生态系统和裸地生态系统下土壤团聚体及团聚体内部组分中有机碳的分布,以解析不同生态系统下土壤团聚体和有机碳固持间的关系,揭示黑土有机碳的物理稳定性机制。结果显示:与农田相比,草地土壤有机碳含量显著提高7.6%;裸地土壤有机碳含量显著下降14.1%。草地促进了大团聚体(250μm),尤其2000μm团聚体的形成,提高了土壤团聚体的稳定性;裸地则降低了土壤的团聚化程度及稳定性,大团聚体和微团聚体含量下降,粉粘粒含量相应增加。草地大团聚体中有机碳含量显著高于农田,且内部各组分有机碳含量均有显著提高,其中粗颗粒有机质、闭蓄态微团聚体和粉黏粒有机碳含量增幅分别为600%、54%和65%;裸地增加了粉粘粒结合有机碳含量,降低了大团聚体和微团聚体中有机碳含量,且大团聚体和微团聚体内部各组分有机碳含量均有所下降。3种生态系统类型土壤均以总粉粘粒结合有机碳为主,占土壤总有机碳52%—79%,其作为惰性碳库是黑土有机碳的重要组成部分。黑土有机碳的累积或损失主要表现为活性较强的有机碳库-团聚体中颗粒有机质的增加或减少,与农田相比,草地土壤有机碳的累积主要归因于大团聚体中粗颗粒有机质的增加,为总有机碳增量的3倍;裸地土壤有机碳的损失主要归因于微团聚体中总细颗粒有机质的减少,对总有机碳损失的贡献率为60%。     

遮阴和干旱对荩草生理代谢及抗性系统影响的协同作用

引进草种在亚热带边坡草坪上常遭遇遮阴和干旱,造成草坪退化甚至死亡。以具有边坡草坪开发价值的本土植物野生荩草为材料,设置5种遮阴度和4种干旱度交互形成20种协同处理,研究遮阴和干旱对荩草生理代谢及抗性系统影响的协同作用。结果表明,荩草具有极强的耐阴和抗旱潜力,可通过光合策略、代谢策略、抗性策略使植株逐步适应或应对生境胁迫,在重度遮阴或干旱下仍可存活。遮阴或干旱对荩草光合作用、物质代谢、抗氧化酶系统和细胞膜完整性有极显著影响。遮阴和干旱对荩草光合指标、代谢指标、抗性指标和受伤害指标有显著协同作用。Pn主要受遮阴影响,Gs主要受干旱影响,适度遮阴和干旱协同处理可提高荩草光合能力。干旱对荩草物质代谢的影响大于遮阴,氮代谢比糖代谢和呼吸作用受干旱或遮阴的影响更大,适度遮阴和干旱协同作用可改变荩草代谢水平。遮阴、干旱对抗氧化酶活性的影响不同,遮阴和干旱对POD有显著协同作用,对SOD和CAT有极显著协同影响,适度遮阴和干旱协同作用可提高荩草抗氧化酶活性。遮阴、干旱对细胞膜伤害性物质的含量影响不同,遮阴和干旱对SP含量无协同作用,对Pro、H_2O_2和MDA含量有显著协同作用,协同作用增加了荩草细胞膜受伤害的风险。遮阴和干旱对生理代谢及抗性系统影响的协同作用,提高了荩草的抗逆潜力和生态适应能力。     

不同人为干扰措施对天然次生灌丛土壤肥力及蓄水能力的影响

亚热带常绿阔叶林遭反复干扰后退化形成的天然次生灌丛在未管护模式下难以恢复为乔木林。在浙江省临安市选择典型天然次生灌丛,以强度人为干扰为对照、分别进行保护性干扰和适度人为干扰,探讨灌丛土壤蓄水能力和肥力质量的响应。4年试验结果表明:与强度人为干扰相比,保护性干扰和适度人为干扰后的土壤总贮水量、吸持贮水量和滞留贮水量分别提高了12.41%、5.33%、17.37%和29.13%、33.23%和26.24%;最大持水量、毛管持水量和最小持水量分别提高了23.35%、9.51%、17.55%和48.63%、56.08和71.05%;与强度人为干扰相比,保护性干扰和适度人为干扰的综合肥力分别提高了1.9%和38.5%,其中保护性干扰的水解氮、有机碳和有机质含量提高了12.11%、38.91%和38.94%,适度人为干扰的水解氮、有效磷、有机碳和有机质含量提高了61.97%、90.57%、130%和130.04%,保护性干扰和适度人为干扰的土壤综合评价指数分别提高了15.43%和58.94%。研究表明,与保护性干扰相比,适度人为干扰在土壤的蓄水保水、肥力和固碳增汇等方面更能达到预期的目标。在有条件经营的情况下,可以选择适度人为干扰措施对天然次生灌丛进行管理从而达到加快土壤恢复的目的。     

香樟产芽孢内生细菌的系统发育多样性

为了解香樟产芽孢内生细菌的多样性,采用改良的NA培养基分离、去除冗余及芽孢染色,得到40株产芽孢内生细菌,占分离所得内生细菌总数的29.9%,其中根、茎、叶中分别分离到25、5和10株。16SrRNA序列系统发育分析结果表明,这40株菌分属于Bacillus、Lysinibacillus、Paenibacillus和Brevibacillus属的12个种;7株菌的16SrRNA部分序列与数据库中模式菌株对应序列相似性小于97%,代表着潜在新类群的存在。同时,3个部位分离出的产芽孢内生细菌既呈现出一定程度的细菌区系相似性,又表现出细菌区系的器官特异性。