北美水貂和欧亚水獭在东北地区的分布与生态位重叠

作为入侵物种,北美水貂(Neovison vison)在欧洲引起了一系列生态问题,侵占了欧亚水獭(Lutra lutra)的生态空间,其入侵性对当地生物多样性和生态系统构成了严重威胁。水貂引入我国东北地区已有70多年的历史,然而国内对其野外种群却鲜有研究。掌握水貂种群的入侵范围、入侵影响因素以及与本地具有相似生态位的欧亚水獭之间的竞争关系,对水貂的入侵管理和东北地区的生物多样性保护具有重要意义。本研究利用实地调查和文献资料获取的分布信息,通过集合模型识别水貂和水獭的潜在分布区,评估水貂对水獭在地理空间上的入侵风险,并通过主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)评估其生态位重叠和影响因素。结果表明:(1)我国东北地区水貂的潜在分布区面积为61,944.57 km²,水獭的潜在分布区面积为83,590.94 km²,两者重叠区域面积为50,544.21 km²,占水獭潜在分布区面积的60.47%;(2)从各省分布情况来看,黑龙江省水獭受水貂入侵的风险最高,潜在分布区重叠的比例达到78.9...     

Low genetic diversity and population connectivity fuel vulnerability to climate change for the Tertiary relict pine Pinus bungeana

Endemic species are important components of regional biodiversity and hold the key to understanding local adaptation and evolutionary processes that shape species distributions. This study investigated the biogeographic history of a relict conifer Pinus bungeana Zucc. ex Endl. confined to central China. We examined genetic diversity in P. bungeana using genotyping-by-sequencing and chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA markers. We performed spatial and temporal inference of recent genetic and demographic changes, and dissected the impacts of geography and environmental gradients on population differentiation. We then projected P. bungeana's risk of decline under future climates. We found extremely low nucleotide diversity (average π 0.0014), and strong population structure (global F_ST 0.234) even at regional scales, reflecting long-term isolation in small populations. The species experienced severe bottlenecks in the early Pliocene and continued to decline in the Pleistocene in the western distribution, whereas the east expanded recently. Local adaptation played a small (8%) but significant role in population diversity. Low genetic diversity in fragmented populations makes the species highly vulnerable to climate change, particularly in marginal and relict populations. We suggest that conservation efforts should focus on enhancing gene pool and population growth through assisted migration within each genetic cluster to reduce the risk of further genetic drift and extinction.     

Structural studies of the capsular polysaccharide and lipopolysaccharide O-antigen of Aeromonas salmonicida strain 80204-1 produced under in vitro and in vivo growth conditions.

Aeromonas salmonicida is a pathogenic aquatic bacterium and the causal agent of furunculosis in salmon. In the course of this study, it was found that when grown in vitro on tryptic soy agar, A. salmonicida strain 80204-1 produced a capsular polysaccharide with the identical structure to that of the lipopolysaccharide O-chain polysaccharide. A combination of 1D and 2D NMR methods, including a series of 1D analogues of 3D experiments, together with capillary electrophoresis-electrospray MS (CE-ES-MS), compositional and methylation analyses and specific modifications was used to determine the structure of these polysaccharides. Both polymers were shown to be composed of linear trisaccharide repeating units consisting of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galacturonic acid (GalNAcA), 3-[(N-acetyl-L-alanyl)amido]-3,6-dideoxy-D-glucose[3-[(N-acetyl-L-alanyl)amido]-3-deoxy-D-quinovose, Qui3NAlaNAc] and 2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-D-glucose (2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-quinovose, QuiNAc) and having the following structure: [-->3)-alpha-D-GalpNAcA-(1-->3)-beta-D-QuipNAc-(1-->4)-beta-D-Quip3NAlaNAc-(1-]n, where GalNAcA is partly presented as an amide and AlaNAc represents N-acetyl-L-alanyl group. CE-ES-MS analysis of CPS and O-chain polysaccharide confirmed that 40% of GalNAcA was present in the amide form. Direct CE-ES-MS/MS analysis of in vivo cultured cells confirmed the formation of a novel polysaccharide, a structure also formed in vitro, which was previously undetectable in bacterial cells grown within implants in fish, and in which GalNAcA was fully amidated.     

哺乳动物乳蛋白基因的表达与调控

本文在介绍了乳蛋白基因组结构及进化关系的基础上,就其乳蛋白基因表达的影响因素：顺式调控成分,反式作用因子及激素对表达的诱导进行了讨论,最后就该系统作为生物反应器的开发前景作了展望。     

刺激下丘脑弓状核或垂体前叶对丘脑束旁核神经元伤害性反应的抑制

采用电生理学方法,观察电刺激大鼠下丘脑弓状核（ＡＲＣ）或垂体前叶（ＡＬ）,对丘脑束旁核（Ｐｆ）神经元伤害性反应的影响。实验结果表明,电刺激ＡＲＣ能抑制Ｐｆ神经元的伤害性放电,这种抑制很快出现,也很快恢复,称为即时抑制。电刺激Ａ辄能抑制Ｐｆ神经元的伤害性放电,这种抑制的出现有一定的潜伏期,并持续较长时间,称为延迟抑制。摘除垂体减弱刺激ＡＲＣ的即时抑制,而损毁ＡＲＣ则减弱刺激ＡＬ的延迟抑制。地塞米松预     

原尾目昆虫的两新属

本文记述自1963年到1973年从上海佘山和苏州等地采到的2个新属、3个新种和2个新组合,其中一新属隶于夕蚖科,另一属属于古蚖科,现分别讨论如下。 1.夕蚖科一新属和对该科的简评 沪蚖属 Huhentomon Yin 新属 模式种:褶爪沪蚖 Huhentomon plicatunguis 新种。 第Ⅰ腹足2节,第Ⅱ—Ⅲ腹足均为1节;假眼长卵形,具有长而宽的中裂;下颚腺细长如管;腹部Ⅳ-Ⅶ节腹板后排刚毛均有中央毛,第Ⅷ节腹板生2排刚毛共6根;口器、前胸足跗节感觉刚毛以及背、腹部刚毛式均与夕蚖属同型;外生殖器与蚖属者同型。     

中国原尾虫的研究记述西藏檗螈科的一新属两新种

1979年7月至1980年8月,金根桃和吴建毅二同志在西藏墨脱地区进行了连续一年多的采集,采到大批昆虫标本,其中原尾虫也非常丰富。从已鉴定的部分标本中,檗蚖科的一新属、藏蚖属和马蚖属的两个新种,广泛地分布于西藏东南地区。模式标本保存于中国科学院上海昆虫研究所。     

散白蚁属两新种(等翅目:鼻白蚁科)

中国散白蚁属种类十分丰富,已发表的种类近20种,分属两个亚属,近年来湖南省林业部门结合普查工作又采得不少白蚁标本,经整理鉴定,其中鼻白蚁科的散白蚁属有两个新种。均属于额白蚁亚属。现描述如下。模式标本保存于中国科学院动物研究所。 平江散白蚁Reticulitermes(Frontotermes)pingjiangensis Tsai et Peng新种 兵蚁(图1—5)体中型,头部橙黄色,上颚棕褐色,颚基赤黄色,触角堤脊褐黄色,触角及胸部背板乳黄色,腹部色泽浅淡,体被小毛。     

植物蛋白质S-亚硝基化修饰的检测与分析

S-亚硝基化是一种重要的蛋白质翻译后修饰方式, 是指一氧化氮(NO)基团共价连接至靶蛋白特定半胱氨酸残基的自由巯基, 从而形成S-亚硝基硫醇(SNO)的过程。S-亚硝基化修饰广泛存在于各有机体中, 通过改变蛋白质生化活性、稳定性、亚细胞定位以及蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用等机制而调控不同的生物学过程或信号通路。在蛋白质S-亚硝基化检测分析方法中, 最为广泛使用的是生物素转化法(biotin switch assay), 其基本原理是首先封闭未被修饰的自由巯基, 进而将被修饰的SNO基团特异地还原为自由巯基并使用生物素将其特异标记。被生物素标记的半胱氨酸残基(即被修饰位点)可进一步通过蛋白质免疫印迹和/或质谱等方法进行检测分析。该文详细描述了植物蛋白质样品的体内和体外生物素转化法的实验流程, 并对实验过程中的注意事项进行了讨论。