Adrenoceptor Compounds Prevent the Settlement of Marine Invertebrate Larvae: Balanus amphitrite (Cirripedia), Bugula neritina (Bryozoa) and Hydroides elegans (Polychaeta)

The effects of the neurotransmitter blockers idazoxan and phentolamine on the larval settlement of three marine invertebrate species belonging to three different phyla were investigated by using in vitro concentration-response bioassays. Since neurotransmitters are known to influence metamorphic transitions in invertebrate larvae, neurotransmitter blockers were tested to evaluate their sublethal effects on larvae. The α-adrenergic antagonists idazoxan and phentolamine inhibited settlement of Balanus amphitrite (Cirripedia), Bugula neritina (Bryozoa) larvae, and larvae of the polychaete Hydroides elegans (Polychaeta) in a concentration- and taxon-dependent manner. At concentrations of 10^?3 M of both agents, larvae of all three species became immobile and subsequently died within 24 h. While cumulative settlement rates were observed after 48 h for B. amphitrite and H. elegans, and after 5 h for B. neritina, > 90% of the larvae that settled did so within 24 h for the first two species and within 1 h for B. neritina. The tendency of the hydrophobic idazoxan and phentolamine to accumulate at solid surfaces most probably contributes to their successful inhibition of larval settlement. This ability makes them particularly attractive as candidates for the development of slow-release carriers in antifouling paints.     

Development of a Marine Subtidal Epibiotic Community in Hong Kong: Implications for Deployment of Artificial Reefs

A 2-year study was conducted in Hong Kong to examine the effects of substratum, season and length of submersion on the development of a subtidal epibiotic community using four types of settlement panels (concrete, steel, wood and tyre). The season and length of submersion had a strong influence on the total biomass and on community structure while the type of substratum had very little impact on the total biomass or the structure of the epibiotic community. The season of submersion determined the species composition of the newly submerged surfaces. In the spring and summer, tubeworms were the most abundant. In the autumn and winter, barnacles and tunicates dominated. Community succession was not obvious in the first year of submersion as it was intermingled with strong seasonal settlement, growth and death of barnacles and tunicates. In the second year of submersion, green mussels and tunicates settled and grew to occupy most of the panel surfaces, forming an assemblage that was characteristic of climax communities in the local subtidal waters. The results suggest that the type of construction material has limited impact on the development of epibiotic communities on artificial reefs deployed in Hong Kong; the season of submersion may affect community structure in the early successional stage, but not the characteristics of the climax communities. This study indicates that the type of substratum should not be of concern when deploying artificial reefs in the subtidal waters in this region. The design of artificial reefs should focus more on other physical and economical aspects such as durability, flow dynamics, stability, cost, and effects on the ambient environment.     

Effect of Bacteria Associated with the Green Alga Ulva reticulata on Marine Micro- and Macrofouling

The green alga Ulva reticulata (Forsskal) is often free from biofouling in Hong Kong waters. An early study indicated that bioactive substances from this alga inhibit settlement of the polychaete Hydroides elegans (Haswell). It is also predicted that epibiotic bacteria protect this alga from micro- and macrofouling. In this study, bacterial strains from the surface of U. reticulata were isolated and their inhibitive activities on micro- and macrofouling assayed. The strains were identified by 16S rRNA analysis as belonging to the genera Alteromonas , Pseudoalteromonas and Vibrio . There was no significant effect of these strains or their extracts (aqueous and ethanol) on the growth of five Vibrio strains isolated from natural biofilm. Two bacterial strains ( Alteromonas sp. and Vibrio sp. 3) were non-toxic to the benthic diatom Nitzschia paleacea (Grunow) while the other five strains caused a low level of mortality. No one bacterial strain was toxic to the larvae of H. elegans . Aqueous extract of one of the isolated bacterial species, i.e. Vibrio sp. 2, significantly ( p <0.00001) inhibited the settlement and metamorphosis of H. elegans larvae. The putative antifouling compounds have a molecular weight of >100 kD. On the other hand, biofilm of Pseudoalteromonas sp. 2 and aqueous extract of Vibrio sp. 2 suppressed the settlement of larvae induced by 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX). Other epibiotic bacteria and their extracts had neither inhibitive nor inductive effects on larval settlement of H. elegans . The results indicate that the antifouling mechanism of U. reticulata may be dependent not only on materials from the macroalga itself but also on the epibiotic bacteria on the algal surface.     

当归对阴虚哮喘小鼠气道黏液高分泌及TNF-α/NF-κB信号通路的影响*

目的: 探讨当归对阴虚哮喘小鼠气道黏液高分泌及TNF-α/NF-κB信号通路的影响。方法: 取KM小鼠随机分为空白对照组、模型对照组、氨溴索组、当归低、中、高剂量(2、4、8 g/kg)组(n=12),采用卵蛋白与甲状腺片复制阴虚哮喘模型,观测当归对小鼠哮喘症状、IgE、TNF-α以及肺组织Muc5ac与NF-κB表达的影响。结果: 2、4、8 g/kg当归能明显缓解阴虚哮喘小鼠的哮喘症状,降低血清IgE与BALF中TNF-α水平,抑制肺组织Muc5ac与NF-κB的过度表达。结论: 当归具有明显的平喘作用,抑制TNF-α/NF-κB信号通路而缓解气道黏液高分泌是其平喘的作用机制之一。     

高核心岩藻糖基化母乳促进子代肠道双歧杆菌和乳杆菌的优势生长

目的探究母乳蛋白核心岩藻糖基化水平对新生儿肠道菌群结构的影响。方法采用凝集素(aspergillus oryzae lectin,AOL)检测不同母乳样本的蛋白核心岩藻糖基化水平,按照蛋白核心岩藻糖基化水平的高低将母乳样品分为高核心岩藻糖基化组和低核心岩藻糖基化组,采集两组母乳样品对应喂养的婴儿的粪便,利用PCR-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)的方法检测两组婴儿粪便中菌群的组成。利用Fut8~(+/-)和Fut8~(+/+)模型小鼠作为母代让其分别哺育野生型子代仔鼠,以进一步阐明核心岩藻糖基化对新生儿肠道菌群的影响。结果母亲/母鼠母乳蛋白岩藻糖基化水平高组与低组相比,婴儿肠道中双歧杆菌菌群丰富度增加,仔鼠肠道内乳杆菌定植增加。结论高核心岩藻糖基化的母乳可以促进子代肠道中双歧杆菌和乳杆菌等益生菌的生长。     

肠内营养对乳腺癌术后化疗患者肠道菌群及生活质量的影响

目的研究肠内营养对乳腺癌术后化疗患者肠道菌群、生活质量、营养指标水平的影响。方法选取2012年7月至2018年1月于我院进行乳腺癌术后化疗的91例女性乳腺癌患者为研究对象,根据是否进行肠内营养将患者分为肠内营养组和对照组,观察化疗前后2组患者肠道菌群、生活质量、营养指标水平的变化及不良反应发生情况。结果治疗前2组患者肠道菌群、生活质量、营养指标水平差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)。治疗后,肠内营养组患者肠道双歧杆菌数量为(6.7±0.5)lg CFU/g、乳杆菌数量为(8.5±0.4)lg CFU/g,均显著高于治疗前,同时显著高于对照组(均P0.05)。治疗后肠内营养组患者出现反酸、腹胀、便秘等胃肠道不良反应的比例与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(均P0.05)。治疗后两组患者总体健康、认知功能、情绪功能、角色功能、社会功能、活力、躯体疼痛、躯体功能评分显著高于治疗前(均P0.05),且肠内营养组患者生活质量各指标的评分显著高于对照组(均P0.05)。治疗后肠内营养组患者血清总蛋白(TB)、血清清蛋白(ALB)、血清前清蛋白(PA)、转铁蛋白(TF)水平均显著高于对照组(均P0.05)。结论肠内营养可预防乳腺癌术后化疗患者肠道菌群的紊乱及营养不良的发生,安全有效,有助于提高乳腺癌患者的生活质量。     

综述——新型纳米生物材料的研发：模板法制备羟基磷灰石纳米结构微球及其机制探讨

羟基磷灰石作为人体和动物骨骼的主要无机成分,被广泛应用于人体硬组织的修复和替换．而羟基磷灰石微球因具有比表面积大、流动性好等优点,成为生物医学领域的重要研究对象．本文重点论述了采用软/硬模板合成羟基磷灰石纳米结构微球的方法、原理,以及微球和纳米结构的形成机理．提出了羟基磷灰石纳米结构微球研究中存在的问题,并对其前景进行展望．     

油茶组培苗器官发生的形态学与解剖学研究

以油茶岑软3号组培苗为研究材料,对其器官发生过程进行形态学和解剖学观察。结果表明:在选定的培养基上,外植体不经过愈伤组织,直接由器官诱导形成增殖芽,从而有效地保持了其遗传的稳定性。油茶增殖芽不定根由诱导的根原基发生,它起源于形成层薄壁细胞定向分化,不断向外进行伸长生长,并穿透愈伤组织而形成。这种不定根发生形式属皮部生根类型。油茶增殖芽单芽生根培养25 d后在不定根内形成次生维管形成层和木栓形成层,培养40 d以上根内的输导分子与茎内的输导分子相连。     

青藏高原高寒草甸3种植物对模拟增温的生理生化响应

采用国际冻原计划(ITEX)模拟增温对植物影响的研究方法,将开项式生长室(OTC)按不同直径设置5个增温梯度,并按其直径从小到大的顺序依次标记为A、B、C、D、E 5个处理,研究了增温效应对青藏高原高寒草甸3种植物生理生化特性的影响。研究表明:（1） A~E 5个增温处理使OTC内部气温依次比对照升高了2.68 ℃、1.57 ℃、1.20 ℃、1.07 ℃ 和0.69 ℃,土壤温度依次比对照升高了1.74 ℃、1.06 ℃、0.80 ℃、0.60 ℃和0.30 ℃。（2）增温对3种植物的叶绿素含量、可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量、SOD活性、谷胱甘肽等生理生化特性产生了一系列的影响,3种植物对增温效应的响应也不尽相同。（3）增温对青藏高原3种植物生理生化特性的影响明显且复杂,适度增温0.69 ℃~1.07 ℃（D、E处理）对3种植物生理生化特性在总体上表现为正效应。     

长白县黑线姬鼠携带汉坦病毒的S基因特征研究

为了解长白县黑线姬鼠中汉坦病毒流行情况及病毒型别,采用巢式RT-PCR方法筛查鼠肺RNA,并对PCR阳性样本进行全S基因的扩增、克隆及测序;构建系统发生树并进行分子进化分析。结果显示:共捕获黑线姬鼠58只,共检测出4份阳性标本,阳性率6.90%。经过序列测定及进化分析显示黑线姬鼠所携带的病毒与汉滩病毒第6基因亚型标准株核苷酸的同源性为95.8%～96.3%,氨基酸同源性为98.6%～99.5%。同时发现,长白县黑线姬鼠携带的汉滩病毒的NP蛋白共有1个特异性氨基酸位点为S387。