植物细胞与细胞间物质转运及其对生长发育的调控

细胞与细胞之间的物质运输和信号传递对于多细胞生物的生长发育非常重要．一些内源的大分子物质如蛋白质、核酸或核酸蛋白质复合体可以选择性地通过植物特有的亚细胞结构即胞间连丝（PD）在细胞之间运输．小分子物质主要以被动的形式在细胞间通过PD进行扩散．PD对蛋白质和核酸的运输具有选择性,这种运输受到严格调控．大分子物质在细胞间的运输对植物的生长和发育有极其重要的调控作用．KN1,STM,SHR,TRY和WER等转录因子在细胞之间的转运对于维持植物的茎尖分生组织、根尖分生组织和表皮细胞功能起重要作用．另外,某些小分子RNA也能够在植物细胞间进行选择性运输,并通过在不同细胞中降解或抑制靶mRNA的翻译来调节植物组织的生长发育．     

Comparative study of the cytotoxicity of the nanosized and microsized tellurium powders on HeLa cells

To compare the cytotoxicity on HeLa cells induced by nanosized and microsized tellurium powders, HeLa cells were exposed to different concentrations of tellurium powders (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 μg/mL) for 12 h. In this study, detection of a series of biomarkers, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione (GSH), 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), in addition to DNA and protein crosslink (DPC) and MTTassay, were conducted to evaluate the cytotoxicity. It is indicated that compared with the control group, there was no significant difference in the induced cytotoxicity at concentrations lower than 50 μg/mL for both nanosized and microsized tellurium powders. While there appears a significant difference in the induced cytotoxicity for nanosized tellurium powders when the concentration is higher than 100 μg/mL as well as for microsized tellurium powders when the concentration is higher than 200 μg/mL. Moreover, it is found that the cytotoxicity induced on HeLa cells exhibits a certain dose-effect relationship with the concentration of tellurium powders. A conclusion has been reached that the toxicity on HeLa cells can be induced by both nanosized and microsized tellurium powders, and the toxicity of the nanosized tellurium powders is significantly greater than the microsized one.     

Genetic diversity and evolutionary history of the Schizothorax species complex in the Lancang River (upper Mekong)

The genus Schizothorax (Cyprinidae), one of the most diverse genera of ichthyofauna of the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau (QTP), is a good candidate for investigating patterns of genetic variation and evolutionary mechanisms. In this study, sequences from the mitochondrial control region, the cytochrome b gene, and two nuclear genes were used to re‐examine the genetic diversity and investigate the evolutionary history of the Schizothorax species complex inhabiting the Lancang River. Three maternal clades were detected in the Schizothorax species complex, but frequent nuclear allele sharing also occurred among the three maternal clades. A discrepancy between topologies of mitochondrial and nuclear loci might result from introgression or/and incomplete lineage sorting. The divergence of the clades of the Schizothorax species complex was closely related to the Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene orogenesis of the QTP and Southwest Mountains of China. Demographic analyses indicated that the species complex subsequently persisted in situ with stable populations during Pleistocene glacial cycling, which suggested that Pleistocene climate changes did not exert a remarkable influence on the species complex. Our study provides a comprehensive analysis of the genetic diversity and evolutionary history of the Schizothorax species complex in the Lancang River.     

Tailor-made approach for selective isolation and elution of low-density lipoproteins by immunoaffinity sorbent on silica

Immunoaffinity procedure was developed for isolation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) from biological samples by using silica-derived immunoaffinity sorbent. Sorbent was prepared by immobilization of monoclonal anti-apoB-100 antibody onto macroporous silica particles, using carefully optimized binding chemistry. Binding capacity of the sorbent towards LDL was determined by batch extraction experiments with solutions of isolated LDL in phosphate-buffered saline, and found to be 8 mg LDL/g. The bound LDL fraction was readily released from the sorbent by elution with ammonia at pH 11.2. The total time needed for isolation procedure was less than 1 h, with LDL recoveries being essentially quantitative for samples containing less than 0.3 mg LDL/mL. With higher concentrations, recoveries were less favorable, most probably due to irreversible adsorption caused by LDL aggreggation. However, reusability studies with isolated LDL at concentration 0.2 mg/mL indicate that the developed immunoaffinity material may be used for multiple binding-release cycles, with minor losses in binding capacity. Finally, the sorbent was successfully applied to isolation of LDL from diluted plasma. Apart from its practical implications for LDL isolation, this study provides crucial insights into issues associated with LDL-sorbent interactions, and may be useful in future efforts directed to development of lipoprotein isolation approaches.     

A spectrophotometric assay for monoamine oxidase activity with 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine as a derivatized reagent

A simple, rapid and reliable spectrophotometry was developed to determine monoamine oxidase (MAO). In this study, 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH), a classic derivatizing reagent, was used to detect MAO-dependent aldehyde production; and traditional DNPH spectrophotometry was simplified. Benzylamine and serotonin oxidation were catalyzed by MAO-B and MAO-A, respectively, to aldehydes. These were derivatized with DNPH, and the corresponding quinones were further formed by adding NaOH. These DNPH derivatives with large conjugated structures were directly measured spectrophotometrically at 465 nm and 425 nm, without the need for precipitating, washing and suspending procedures. The addition of NaOH caused a red shift of the maximum absorption wavelength of these derivatives, which reduced the interference of free DNPH. MAO-B protein was as low as 47.5 μg in rat liver with correlation coefficients ranging within 0.995–0.999. This method is 2–3 times more sensitive than direct spectrophotometry. The detection of MAO inhibition through this method showed that IC₅₀ values of rasagiline are 8.00 × 10⁻⁹ M for MAO-B and 2.59 × 10⁻⁷ M for MAO-A. These results are similar to the values obtained by direct spectrophotometry. Our study suggests that DNPH spectrophotometry is suitable to detect MAO activity, and has the potential for MAO inhibitor screening in the treatment of MAO-mediated diseases.     

广东从化地区不同生境食蚊鱼种群的繁殖生物学特征

本文从繁殖群体的环境条件、形体特征、卵巢发育与繁殖力方面对广东从化地区溪流、池塘、农田3种不同生境的食蚊鱼(Gambusia affinis)种群展开比较研究。结果发现,无论流动水体溪流还是静水水体池塘和农田,食蚊鱼的繁殖期均在3~12月份,繁殖群体中雌鱼占比明显高于雄鱼(Chi-Square test,P0.01)。雌鱼周年平均体长及体重,池塘生境的显著大于农田和溪流生境。农田生境中雌鱼的个体怀卵量(24.1±12.1)粒,体重相对繁殖力(57.5±31.0)粒/g,二者均明显高于溪流生境[(16.6±11.6)粒,(40.8±15.5)粒/g]与池塘生境[(18.9±16.3)粒,(35.7±19.1)粒/g],但农田生境雌鱼成熟卵子的卵径显著小于溪流和池塘生境。结果表明,在环境稳定的池塘生境中,食蚊鱼的繁殖策略偏向k-对策特性;在人为干扰较大的农田生境中,食蚊鱼的繁殖策略偏向r-对策特性。不同类型生境中食蚊鱼的繁殖特性存在一定差异,主要与其栖息环境的稳定性和饵料生物的丰富度有关。     

鹰鹃对白腹短翅鸲的巢寄生

2015年4~8月,在贵州宽阔水国家级自然保护区,记录到1巢白腹短翅鸲(Hodgsonius phaenicuroides)被鹰鹃(Cuculus sparverioides)寄生,寄生率为1/16(n=16)。发现时白腹短翅鸲巢内有1枚白色的寄生卵和2枚蓝色的寄主卵,且卵已凉,疑为亲鸟弃巢。鹰鹃卵重6.09 g,卵大小20.20 mm×27.73 mm;两枚白腹短翅鸲的卵重分别为2.34 g和2.40 g,大小分别为20.05 mm×14.94 mm和19.95 mm×15.09 mm。鹰鹃的卵重量(6.09 g)和大小(27.73 mm×20.20 mm)均明显大于白腹短翅鸲的卵。卵色光谱测量结果表明,鹰鹃和白腹短翅鸲卵色的反射光谱图差别明显,鹰鹃卵在色度和色调上明显低于白腹短翅鸲,但卵色亮度却明显比白腹短翅鸲卵高,为典型的非模拟寄生卵。     

蝉虫草样品的分级萃取与化学成分分析

利用索氏萃取技术,依次采用石油醚、乙酸乙酯、丙酮、无水乙醇和甲醇等5种溶剂对蝉虫草纯粉进行分级萃取,运用傅里叶变换红外光谱分析法和气相色谱-质谱联用技术对5级萃取物进行分析鉴定。傅里叶变换红外光谱分析显示萃取物中含有与烯烃类、羧酸类、酯类、醇类和酮类等化合物相关的C-H、C=O、C-O和C=C等官能团。气相色谱-质谱联用技术共鉴定出有机小分子化合物34种,以酯类和脂肪酸类为主,多为碳链长度为15-20的长链脂肪酸及对应的酯,其中十八碳不饱和脂肪酸相对含量高达28.95%;分别存在于两种或以上萃取物中的有机化合物共有11种;仅存于石油醚萃取物中的化合物6种,乙酸乙酯萃取物中3种,丙酮萃取物中2种,无水乙醇萃取物中6种,甲醇萃取物中6种。在一定极性范围内,利用溶剂的极性梯度变化,可实现蝉虫草中活性物质的按极性梯度分离;采用分级萃取技术可有效分离蝉虫草中部分化学成分。鉴定结果充实了蝉虫草中化合物的种类资源,为蝉虫草中活性物质谱图库的完善、构效关系的建立及蝉虫草产品的利用开发提供支撑。     

急性冠脉综合征患者NLR、MPV与Gensini评分的相关性分析

目的:探讨急性冠脉综合征(Acute Coronary Syndrome,ACS)患者的中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞(Neutrophils/lymphocyte,NLR)、平均血小板体积(Mean platelet volume,MPV)与Gensini评分的相关性。方法:将156例ACS患者依据冠状动脉造影结果分为单支病变组、双支病变组及三支病变组,比较各组间NLR、MPV、Gensini评分及一般临床资料,并分析不同指标之间的相关性。结果:与双支病变组、单支病变组相比较,三支病变组吸烟、糖尿病、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)、尿酸(uric acid,UA)、NLR、MPV、Gensini评分均显著升高(P0.05);与单支病变组相比较,双支病变组吸烟、糖尿病、LDL-C、HDL-C、UA、NLR、MPV、Gensini评分均显著升高(P0.05);三组间年龄、性别、高血压、总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)、肌酐(creatinine,Cr)比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。Pearson相关性分析表明:NLR、MPV与Gensini评分均呈正相关(r=0.482、0.702, P0.05)。结论:ACS患者MPV和NLR与冠状动脉病变程度呈显著正相关,可有效评估冠状动脉狭窄程度。