人工海水胁迫下小麦种质资源的耐盐性筛选与鉴定

利用人工配制的海水筛选耐盐性较好的小麦品种,为沿海滩涂地区的小麦耐盐育种提供重要信息。本研究利用人工海水处理的方法,对363份小麦种质资源进行了芽期耐盐性初步鉴定,筛选出芽期耐盐性为1级的小麦种质28份。进一步对芽期耐盐性较好的48份小麦种质进行了苗期耐盐性鉴定,并对其耐盐指标进行隶属值模糊评价分析,从中鉴定出了2个苗期耐盐性较强的小麦种质,分别为淮麦31和红壳洋麦。依据来源的不同,发现小麦种质资源的芽期耐盐性大小依次为地方品种>育成品种>国外引进品种。小麦芽期与苗期的耐盐性相关分析表明,二者相关性极低(r=-0.0051)。     

Extraction and Isolation of Antifreeze Proteins from Winter Rye (Secale cereale L.) Leaves

Apoplastic extracts of cold-acclimated winter rye (Secale cereale L. cv Musketeer) leaves were previously shown to exhibit antifreeze activity. The objectives of the present study were to identify and characterize individual antifreeze proteins present in the apoplastic extracts. The highest protein concentrations and antifreeze activity were obtained when the leaf apoplast was extracted with ascorbic acid and either CaCl2 or MgSO4. Seven major polypeptides were purified from these extracts by one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under nonreducing conditions. The five larger polypeptides, of 19, 26, 32, 34, and 36 kD, exhibited significant levels of antifreeze activity, whereas the 11- and 13-kD polypeptides showed only weak activity. Five of these polypeptides migrated with higher apparent molecular masses on SDS gels after treatment with 0.1 M dithiothreitol, which indicated the presence of intramolecular disulfide bonds. The apparent reduction of the disulfide bonds did not eliminate antifreeze activity in four of the polypeptides that contained intramolecular disulfide bonds and exhibited significant levels of antifreeze activity. The amino acid compositions of these polypeptides were similar in that they were all relatively enriched in the residues Asp/Asn, Glu/Gln, Ser, Thr, Gly, and Ala; they all lacked His, except for the 26-kD polypeptide, and they contained up to 5% Cys residues. These polypeptides were examined with antisera to other cystine-containing antifreeze proteins from fish and insects, and no common epitopes were detected. We conclude that cold-acclimated winter rye leaves produce multiple polypeptides with antifreeze activity that appear to be distinct from antifreezes produced by fish and insects.     

芽孢杆菌TS02特异RAPD标记的SCAR标记转化和验证

利用自主分离的蜡状芽孢杆菌菌株TS02,采用RAPD 方法对TS02及其同源性相近的5株芽孢杆菌(地衣芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、凝结芽孢杆菌、巨大芽孢杆菌、短小芽孢杆菌)进行了RAPD条带特异性分析,从TS02基因组中筛选获得了一个533 bp的特异RAPD标记TSR1.TSR1克隆、测序后,根据其序列设计出一对特异引物P1/P2进行扩增,结果只在TS02中扩增得到目的片段,而其余对照菌株扩增为阴性,从而证明试验得到了在种水平上对该菌种进行准确鉴定的特异SCAR标记.     

不同分泌信号对豹蛙酶在巴斯德毕赤酵母中分泌效率的影响

目的：研究不同分泌信号对豹蛙酶（ONC）在巴斯德毕赤酵母中分泌效率的影响。方法：根据已知天然ONC的氨基酸序列,结合酵母偏爱密码子,设计并合成了ONC基因序列,通过融合PCR获得了不同分泌信号与ONC的融合基因,将其克隆至表达载体pPIC9k中,然后将线性化的重组表达载体电击转化GS115毕赤酵母感受态细胞,通过SDS-PAGE检测目的蛋白表达量。结果：糖基化ONC表观相对分子质量为（14～16）×103,且其糖基化不均匀,非糖基化蛋白肽链的相对分子质量约为12×103;采用不含EAEA结构的α交配因子作为分泌信号时ONC没有表达,利用含EAEA结构的α交配因子和α交配因子的pre肽作为分泌信号时均能够显著提高其表达量。结论：采用含EAEA结构的α交配因子和α交配因子的pre肽作为分泌信号均能够显著提高ONC在巴斯德毕赤酵母中的表达量。     

富勒烯衍生物C60-叶酸对胃癌细胞生长抑制作用的研究

目的研究光照后的富勒烯衍生物C60-叶酸对体外培养的人类胃癌细胞杀伤及其促进胃癌细胞凋亡的作用。方法将光照后不同浓度C60-叶酸与人类胃癌细胞混合培养,用MTT方法检测不同条件下培养的人类胃癌细胞存活率。培养细胞免疫组化检测凋亡细胞中Caspase 3表达。Western blot比较各组中抗凋亡蛋白质Akt1的表达水平。结果随着光照后C60-叶酸浓度增加,人类胃癌细胞的存活率降低,同时凋亡细胞数量增多,且Akt1表达下调。结论 C60-叶酸光照后对人类胃癌细胞有较强的杀伤作用,作用机制与细胞凋亡有关。     

Application of a novel thermostable NAD(P)H oxidase from hyperthermophilic archaeon for the regeneration of both NAD⁺ and NADP⁺

A novel thermostable NAD(P)H oxidase from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus kodakarensis KOD1 (TkNOX) catalyzes oxidation of NADH and NADPH with oxygen from atmospheric air as an electron acceptor. Although the optimal temperature of TkNOX is >90°C, it also shows activity at 30°C. This enzyme was used for the regeneration of both NADP(+) and NAD(+) in alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)-catalyzed enantioselective oxidation of racemic 1-phenylethanol. NADP(+) regeneration at 30°C was performed by TkNOX coupled with (R)-specific ADH from Lactobacillus kefir, resulting in successful acquisition of optically pure (S)-1-phenylethanol. The use of TkNOX with moderately thermostable (S)-specific ADH from Rhodococcus erythropolis enabled us to operate the enantioselective bioconversion accompanying NAD(+) regeneration at high temperatures. Optically pure (R)-1-phenylethanol was successfully obtained by this system after a shorter reaction time at 45-60°C than that at 30°C, demonstrating an advantage of the combination of thermostable enzymes. The ability of TkNOX to oxidize both NADH and NADPH with remarkable thermostability renders this enzyme a versatile tool for regeneration of the oxidized nicotinamide cofactors without the need for extra substrates other than dissolved oxygen from air.     

A mathematical model of avian influenza with half-saturated incidence

The widespread impact of avian influenza viruses not only poses risks to birds, but also to humans. The viruses spread from birds to humans and from human to human In addition, mutation in the primary strain will increase the infectiousness of avian influenza. We developed a mathematical model of avian influenza for both bird and human populations. The effect of half-saturated incidence on transmission dynamics of the disease is investigated. The half-saturation constants determine the levels at which birds and humans contract avian influenza. To prevent the spread of avian influenza, the associated half-saturation constants must be increased, especially the half-saturation constant H _m for humans with mutant strain. The quantity H _m plays an essential role in determining the basic reproduction number of this model. Furthermore, by decreasing the rate β _m at which human-to-human mutant influenza is contracted, an outbreak can be controlled more effectively. To combat the outbreak, we propose both pharmaceutical (vaccination) and non-pharmaceutical (personal protection and isolation) control methods to reduce the transmission of avian influenza. Vaccination and personal protection will decrease β _m, while isolation will increase H _m. Numerical simulations demonstrate that all proposed control strategies will lead to disease eradication; however, if we only employ vaccination, it will require slightly longer to eradicate the disease than only applying non-pharmaceutical or a combination of pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical control methods. In conclusion, it is important to adopt a combination of control methods to fight an avian influenza outbreak.     

绿色荧光报告基因在细胞免疫检测中的应用

将丙肝病毒C E1区基因插入绿色荧光报告基因pEGFP-N1中,构建真核表达重组质粒pEGFP-N1-HCV/C E1。转染小鼠骨髓瘤细胞SP2/0,在荧光显微镜下观察绿色荧光融合蛋白的表达情况。结果在细胞浆中出现了绿色荧光,表明目的基因得到表达,再通过G418筛选后大量培养用作细胞毒实验的靶细胞,结果表明以EGFP报告基因作筛选标记制备的靶细胞完全可以满足细胞毒实验要求。     

DNA methylation down-regulates CDX1 gene expression in colorectal cancer cell lines

CDX1 is a homeobox protein that inhibits proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells and regulates intestine-specific genes involved in differentiation. CDX1 expression is developmentally and spatially regulated, and its expression is aberrantly down-regulated in colorectal cancers and colon cancer-derived cell lines. However, very little is known about the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of CDX1 gene expression. In this study, we characterized the CDX1 gene structure and identified that its gene promoter contained a typical CpG island with a CpG observed/expected ratio of 0.80, suggesting that the CDX1 gene is a target of aberrant methylation. Alterations of DNA methylation in the CDX1 gene promoter were investigated in a series of colorectal cancer cell lines. Combined Bisulfite Restriction Analysis (COBRA) and bisulfite sequencing analysis revealed that the CDX1 promoter is methylated in CDX1 non-expressing colorectal cancer cell lines but not in human normal colon tissue and T84 cells, which express CDX1. Treatment with 5'-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-azaC), a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, induced CDX1 expression in the colorectal cancer cell lines. Furthermore, de novo methylation was determined by establishing stably transfected clones of the CDX1 promoter in SW480 cells and demethylation by 5-azaC-activated reporter gene expression. These results indicate that aberrant methylation of the CpG island in the CDX1 promoter is one of the mechanisms that mediate CDX1 down-regulation in colorectal cancer cell lines.     

2008年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

在国家各类重大研究计划的持续支持和推动下, 2008年中国植物科学研究继续快速发展, 中国科学家在植物科学各领域中取得了大量的原创性研究成果, 尤其是在水稻株型功能基因组、水稻开花控制和种子发育、生殖隔离机制以及转基因生态安全研究等方面取得了一系列重大进展, 受到了国内外的广泛关注。该文对2008年中国本土科学家在植物生命科学若干领域取得的重要研究进展进行概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿和热点事件, 并展现我国科学家所取得的杰出成就。