The biological effects in animals related to the accident at the Chernobyl Atomic Electric Power Station. 1. The experimental model. The radiation loads on animals kept continuously under external and internal radiation exposure in the area of the Chernobyl Atomic Electric Power Station]

Irradiation conditions in which laboratory animals were kept in experimental laboratories of Chernobyl and Kiev after the accident at the Chernobyl A.P.S. are described. The data are presented on the spectral structural and activity of radionuclides in the diet as well as in the organs and tissues of the animals. The radiation loads have been estimated with regard to an external gamma component and the internal one contributed by the incorporated radionuclides. It has been shown that radiation doses received by the animals during their lifetime due to these contributions do not exceed units of cGy.     

Effect of strontium and magnesium on blood calcium]

Twenty four male Wistar rats weighing 250 +/- 10 g, in three groups of 8 rats each, were used. Group A was used as control and the content of its drinking water was 6.5 mg/l Ca; 2.4 mg/l Mg. The drinking water of groups B and C was supplemented with 20 mM (SrCl2) and 20 mM (MgCl2), respectively. Once the 20 days of mineral supplementation had passed, arterial blood was extracted by puncture in the abdominal aorta. In the serum obtained after centrifugation, Ca, Mg, Sr and the total proteins (TP) were determined. Afterwards the serum was subjected to ultrafiltration. Concentrations of Ca, Mg and TP were measured in the obtained ultrafiltrates (u), with the above described techniques. The pH was measured before and after the ultrafiltration. The TP decreased significantly both in group B (supplemented with Sr), and in group C (supplement with Mg). Increases in Ca were found in group B and in Mg in group C. The Mg/Ca ratio increased 10% after the supplementation with Mg. At the ultrafiltrate a significant increase in Cau after supplementation with Sr and with Mg was observed. The Mgu/Cau ratio decreased 14% in the group supplemented with Sr and 38% after the supplementation with Mg. In conclusion, the supplementation with Sr (20 mM) in rats increases the Cau and could have the effect of reducing protein synthesis. These facts should be borne in mind when Sr is used for therapeutical purposes.     

Cellular and molecular mechanisms of aging: a review]

Since the beginning of this century, a large body of experimental data and observations accumulated concerning experimental and clinical gerontology. These data can be classified and analyzed according to the level of experimentation or observation as concerning aging at the molecular, cellular level or at higher levels of hierarchical organisation such as tissues, organs or the whole organism. Observations of these higher levels are mostly derived from epidemiological studies of human aging, horizontal studies or preferably vertical studies. The relative coherence of data collected at the molecular and cellular levels renders plausible a tentative of interpretation of aging phenomena at higher levels or hierarchical organisations from the tissues to the whole organism by using the data obtained at the molecular and cellular levels. The present article is a tentative for this kind or integrative interpretation of aging.     

Thromboxane and prostacyclin generation by human umbilical veins after thrombin.

Prostacyclin (PGI2) and Thromboxane B2 (TxB2) production induced by thrombin in human umbilical veins (HUV) was studied. Successive stimulations of HUV segments were performed with and without restoration of arachidonic acid (AA). Thrombin consistently stimulated the production of both substances. The magnitude of the increment declined with progressive stimuli. The addition of exogenous AA could restore the production of TXB2 but not that of PGI2. These results suggest that sustained stimulation of AA release may lead to an imbalance in the TXA2/PGI2 ratio perhaps through an effect of unknown products of AA oxidation on PGI2 synthase.     

Comparison of two techniques for quantifying environmental contaminants in human serum

Peak area matching and linear regression were used to quantify eight chlorinated pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (as Aroclor 1260) in human serum. There are no statistically significant differences in data obtained by these two quantifying techniques which were indicated by the paired t-test. For chlorinated pesticides, p = 0.053-0.62, and for polychlorinated biphenyls (as Aroclor 1260), p = 0.64. Analyte residues for the chlorinated pesticides ranged from 0.5 ppb for hexachlorobenzene (HCB) to 186 ppb for dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE). Analyte residues for the polychlorinated biphenyls (as Aroclor 1260) ranged from 5-114 ppb. The absolute mean percent difference between the two quantifying techniques ranged from 0.06% for DDE to 8.06% for dieldrin (HEOD) among the chlorinated pesticides. The absolute mean percent difference between the two quantifying techniques for the polychlorinated biphenyls (as Aroclor 1260) was 3.4%. Peak area matching and linear regression were found to be comparable for quantifying these environmental residues in serum when the following conditions apply: 1) the concentration of the chlorinated pesticides is greater than or equal to 0.5 ppb (e.g., HCB, hexachlorocyclohexane (HCCH), oxychlordane (OC), heptachlor epoxide (HE), transnonachlor (TN), HEOD, and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT); 2) the concentration of the chlorinated pesticide is greater than or equal to 3 ppb (e.g., DDE); and 3) the total concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls (e.g., as Aroclor 1260) is greater than or equal to 5 ppb.     

Cytogenetic analysis of mouse metaphase II oocytes following exposure to tritiated water

Female mice were given different dosages (0, 3.0, 7.5, 15.0, or 30 muCi/ml) of tritium in their drinking water continuously from 3 to 7 weeks of age to assess the effects on germ cell chromosomes. At 8-9 weeks of age, mice were superovulated and metaphase II oocytes were processed and C-banded for cytogenetic analyses. Chromatid acentric fragments were the only type of structural aberration detected, and their incidence was higher in controls than in any of the tritiated water (HTO) groups. Analysis of numerical chromosomal aberrations revealed that the incidence of hypoploid (N = 19) oocytes was higher in oocytes from mice who drank HTO as compared with controls. However, the effects of HTO upon aneuploidy induction was not definitive due to the increase the incidence of aberrations in mouse oocytes can be related to the low dose rate resulting from chronic HTO exposure and possibly death of tritium-damaged cells.     

Density-dependent inhibitory effect of transforming growth factor-β on human fibroblasts involves the down-regulation of platelet-derived growth factor α-receptors

We have previously found that transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) inhibits the mitogenic activity of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) in cultures of human neonatal fibroblasts in a density-dependent fashion. In the present investigation we determined the effect of TGF-β1 on the PDGF α-receptor, which binds all PDGF isoforms, as well as on the β-receptor, which binds only PDGF-BB with high affinity. We found that the inhibitory effect of TGF-β1 on PDGF-AA-induced mitogenesis was density-dependent; when dense cell cultures were preincubated with TGF-β1, there was an complete inhibition of ³H-thymidine incorporation, whereas the effect was less in sparse cultures. A similar density-dependent effect of TGF-β1 was seen in PDGF-BB treated cells, although less pronounced. The binding of ¹²⁵I-labeled PDGF-AA and PDGF-BB to the α-receptor was significantly reduced after treatment with TGF-β1 in dense cultures, whereas the sparse cultures were less affected. A decrease of α-receptor mRNA was also seen. The levels of β-receptor protein and mRNA were unaffected. We conclude that the growth inhibitory effect of TGF-β1 is cell density-dependent and involves down-regulation of PDGF α-receptors. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.