Barley GRIK1‐SnRK1 kinases subvert a viral virulence protein to upregulate antiviral RNAi and inhibit infection

Viruses often usurp host machineries for their amplification, but it remains unclear if hosts may subvert virus proteins to regulate viral proliferation. Here, we show that the 17K protein, an important virulence factor conserved in barley yellow dwarf viruses (BYDVs) and related poleroviruses, is phosphorylated by host GRIK1‐SnRK1 kinases, with the phosphorylated 17K (P17K) capable of enhancing the abundance of virus‐derived small interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs) and thus antiviral RNAi. Furthermore, P17K interacts with barley small RNA‐degrading nuclease 1 (HvSDN1) and impedes HvSDN1‐catalyzed vsiRNA degradation. Additionally, P17K weakens the HvSDN1‐HvAGO1 interaction, thus hindering HvSDN1 from accessing and degrading HvAGO1‐carried vsiRNAs. Importantly, transgenic expression of 17K phosphomimetics (17K^5D), or genome editing of SDN1, generates stable resistance to BYDV through elevating vsiRNA abundance. These data validate a novel mechanism that enhances antiviral RNAi through host subversion of a viral virulence protein to inhibit SDN1‐catalyzed vsiRNA degradation and suggest new ways for engineering BYDV‐resistant crops.     

沼泽湿地恢复演替过程中朝天委陵菜间隔子性状与分枝强度的关系

间隔子和分株影响克隆植物的空间分布和资源获取,二者之间关系的研究有助于理解克隆植物的生态适应机制。按照恢复时间设置I(5a)、II(15a)、III(25a)3个梯度,研究了永昌北海子国家湿地公园沼泽湿地恢复演替过程中朝天委陵菜(Potentilla supina)间隔子长度、直径与分枝强度之间的关系。结果表明:随着沼泽湿地恢复演替的进行,湿地群落的高度、盖度和生物量逐渐增大,土壤含水量、有机质逐渐增大,土壤容重逐渐降低;湿地群落的优势植物种群由朝天委陵菜转为黑麦草;朝天委陵菜间隔子长度和直径增大,分株数减小;间隔子长度、直径与分枝强度均呈显著负相关关系(P<0.05)。沼泽湿地恢复演替过程中,朝天委陵菜由选择垄断区域资源转向逃避或忍耐不利生境,体现了湿地克隆植物在异质性生境中独特的适应性。     

柑桔碎叶病毒研究

用汁液摩擦接种方法对柑桔碎叶病毒(Citrus tatter leaf virus,CTLV)进行了进一步的生物学鉴定.结果表明,该病毒除在豇豆上引起枯斑外,还侵染克里芙兰烟(Nicotianaclevilandii)产生系统斑驳和轻花叶,侵染昆诺藜(Chenopodium quinoa)和苋色藜(C.amaranticolor)引起系统坏死和花叶,侵染鸡冠花(Celosia cristata)引起局部环斑.这些草本寄主均可作为CTLV的指示植物.在发病的柑桔叶汁液中,测得CTLV的稀释限点为10~(-5).经汁液摩擦接种,可以将CTLV从克里芙兰烟传播到木本指示植物柑桔和枳橙上.感病植物材料的组织超微结构观察结果表明:CTLV感染柑桔、枳橙、克里芙兰烟和昆诺藜均使其叶肉薄壁细胞的叶绿体出现淀粉沉积、叶绿体片层结构解体和消失;病毒在受感染的植株叶脉韧皮部细胞中紧密聚集,形成病毒结晶体;这种结构也出现在叶肉薄壁细胞中.这是关于该病毒组织病变的首次报道.用直接负染方法从感染CTLV的柑桔(枳橙)、克里芙兰烟和昆诺藜病叶中均能检查到线状病毒粒子,用改良的Deriick’s免疫电镜方法和琼脂双扩散方法测定均显示该病毒…     

Tomato yellow leaf curl virus V3 protein traffics along microfilaments to plasmodesmata to promote virus cell-to-cell movement

Science China Life Sciences -     

Cyclin D1 determines mitochondrial function in vivo

The cyclin D1 gene encodes a regulatory subunit of the holoenzyme that phosphorylates and inactivates the pRb tumor suppressor to promote nuclear DNA synthesis. cyclin D1 is overexpressed in human breast cancers and is sufficient for the development of murine mammary tumors. Herein, cyclin D1 is shown to perform a novel function, inhibiting mitochondrial function and size. Mitochondrial activity was enhanced by genetic deletion or antisense or small interfering RNA to cyclin D1. Global gene expression profiling and functional analysis of mammary epithelial cell-targeted cyclin D1 antisense transgenics demonstrated that cyclin D1 inhibits mitochondrial activity and aerobic glycolysis in vivo. Reciprocal regulation of these genes was observed in cyclin D1-induced mammary tumors. Cyclin D1 thus integrates nuclear DNA synthesis and mitochondrial function.