全文获取类型
收费全文 | 18745篇 |
免费 | 1459篇 |
国内免费 | 1708篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 47篇 |
2023年 | 249篇 |
2022年 | 642篇 |
2021年 | 1052篇 |
2020年 | 707篇 |
2019年 | 833篇 |
2018年 | 801篇 |
2017年 | 547篇 |
2016年 | 781篇 |
2015年 | 1177篇 |
2014年 | 1398篇 |
2013年 | 1458篇 |
2012年 | 1755篇 |
2011年 | 1539篇 |
2010年 | 954篇 |
2009年 | 861篇 |
2008年 | 952篇 |
2007年 | 839篇 |
2006年 | 766篇 |
2005年 | 715篇 |
2004年 | 550篇 |
2003年 | 501篇 |
2002年 | 385篇 |
2001年 | 301篇 |
2000年 | 280篇 |
1999年 | 278篇 |
1998年 | 172篇 |
1997年 | 163篇 |
1996年 | 185篇 |
1995年 | 138篇 |
1994年 | 158篇 |
1993年 | 99篇 |
1992年 | 115篇 |
1991年 | 110篇 |
1990年 | 79篇 |
1989年 | 72篇 |
1988年 | 48篇 |
1987年 | 55篇 |
1986年 | 38篇 |
1985年 | 29篇 |
1984年 | 39篇 |
1983年 | 18篇 |
1982年 | 14篇 |
1981年 | 10篇 |
1979年 | 2篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
11.
Background: Little is known about geographic variations in liver cancer at high incident regions. We aimed to identify spatial variation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) at a high-risk area in China and determine its association with socioeconomic status (SES). Methods: Based on 2299 liver cancer cases diagnosed in Haimen from 2003 to 2006, we calculated age–sex standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) and used two spatial scan statistics to determine the geographic variations in HCC. Bayesian hierarchical model was used to explore the association between HCC incidence and SES. Results: Age and sex SIRs for HCC varied from 0.54 to 1.97 for 24 townships. The eastern region of Haimen was identified to have a significantly increased risk of HCC. Fitting of a Bayesian hierarchical model linking per-capita fiscal revenue with SIRs of HCC indicated that the area with a lower revenue had a significantly higher incidence of HCC [βlog(revenue) = ?0.179, posterior 95% Bayesian credible interval (CI) = (?0.326, ?0.04)]. Conclusions: This study demonstrated substantial geographic variation in the incidence of HCC within a high-risk region, which was associated with SES. HCC control and intervention should focus on disadvantaged areas to reduce the HCC disparities. 相似文献
12.
Background
Many molecules are flexible and undergo significant shape deformation as part of their function, and yet most existing molecular shape comparison (MSC) methods treat them as rigid bodies, which may lead to incorrect shape recognition. 相似文献13.
“Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus” (CLas) is an uncultureable α-proteobacterium associated with citrus Huanglongbing (HLB, yellow shoot disease), a highly destructive disease affecting citrus production worldwide. HLB was observed in Guangdong Province of China over a hundred years ago and remains endemic there. Little is known about CLas biology due to its uncultureable nature. This study began with the genome sequence analysis of CLas Strain A4 from Guangdong in the prophage region. Within the two currently known prophage types, Type 1 (SC1-like) and Type 2 (SC2-like), A4 genome contained only a Type 2 prophage, CGdP2, namely. An analysis on CLas strains collected in Guangdong showed that Type 2 prophage dominated the bacterial population (82.6%, 71/86). An extended survey covering five provinces in southern China also revealed the predominance of single prophage (Type 1 or Type 2) in the CLas population (90.4%, 169/187). CLas strains with two and no prophage types accounted for 7.2% and 2.8%, respectively. In silico analyses on CGdP2 identified a CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/cas (CRISPR-associated protein genes) system, consisting of four 22 bp repeats, three 23 bp spacers and 9 predicted cas. Similar CRISPR/cas systems were detected in all 10 published CLas prophages as well as 13 CLas field strains in southern China. Both Type 1 and Type 2 prophages shared almost identical sequences in spacer 1 and 3 but not spacer 2. Considering that the function of a CRISPR/cas system was to destroy invading DNA, it was hypothesized that a pre-established CLas prophage could use its CRISPR/cas system guided by spacer 1 and/or 3 to defeat the invasion of the other phage/prophage. This hypothesis explained the predominance of single prophage type in the CLas population in southern China. This is the first report of CRISPR/cas system in the “Ca. Liberibacter” genera. 相似文献
14.
Xiao-Jun Li Ren-Chao Zheng Hong-Ye Ma Yu-Guo Zheng 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》2014,98(6):2473-2483
Efficient and highly enantioselective hydrolysis of 2-carboxyethyl-3-cyano-5-methylhexanoic acid ethyl ester (CNDE) is the most crucial step in chemoenzymatic synthesis of Pregabalin. By using site-saturation mutagenesis and high-throughput screening techniques, lipase Lip from Thermomyces lanuginosus DSM 10635 was engineered to improve its activity towards CNDE. The triple mutant, S88T/A99N/V116D exhibited a 60-fold improvement in specific activity for CNDE (2.35 U/mg) over the wild-type Lip (0.039 U/mg). Modeling and docking studies demonstrated that the mutant could more effectively stabilize oxygen anions in transition states and the lid of Lip in the open conformation. Additionally, the kinetic resolution of CNDE catalyzed by Escherichia coli cell overexpressing S88T/A99N/V116D mutant afforded (3S)-2-carboxyethyl-3-cyano-5-methylhexanoic acid in 42.4 % conversion and 98 % ee within 20 h with a substrate loading of 1 M (255 g/l). These results demonstrated that a novel and promising biocatalyst was created for efficient chemoenzymatic manufacturing of Pregabalin. 相似文献
15.
Yunhe Meng Xixi Shao Yan Wang Yumei Li Xiaojian Zheng Gongyuan Wei Seon-Won Kim Chonglong Wang 《Biotechnology and bioengineering》2020,117(11):3499-3507
Squalene is a lipophilic and non-volatile triterpene with many industrial applications for food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Metabolic engineering focused on optimization of the production pathway suffer from little success in improving titers because of a limited space of the cell membrane accommodating the lipophilic product. Extension of cell membrane would be a promising approach to overcome the storage limitation for successful production of squalene. In this study, Escherichia coli was engineered for squalene production by overexpression of some membrane proteins. The highest production of 612 mg/L was observed in the engineered E. coli with overexpression of Tsr, a serine chemoreceptor protein, which induced invagination of inner membrane to form multilayered structure. It was also observed an increase in unsaturated fatty acid in membrane lipids composition, suggesting cellular response to maintain membrane fluidity against squalene accumulation in the engineered strain. This study potentiates the capability of E. coli for squalene production and provides an effective strategy for the enhanced production of such compounds. 相似文献
16.
The abundance of an mRNA encoding an HMG1/2 protein from Pharbitis nil (HMG1) has been previously shown to be regulated by light and an endogenous rhythm in cotyledons. A second Pharbitis nil HMG cDNA (HMG2) was characterized. The sequence of HMG2 was 82% and 86% identical to HMG1 at the nucleotide and amino acid level, respectively. As with HMG1, HMG2 mRNA was detected in all vegetative tissues and was most abundant in roots. However, unlike HMG1, HMG2 mRNA abundance did not increase upon transfer of cotyledons to darkness and did not exhibit regulation by an endogenous circadian rhythm when maintained in continuous darkness over a 68 h period. Similarly, while the abundance of HMG1 mRNA during a dark period that induced photoperiodically controlled flowering was dramatically affected by brief light exposure (night break), this treatment had no effect on HMG2 mRNA abundance. Collectively, these data are consistent with a role of HMG1 in contributing to the circadian-regulated and/or dark-regulated gene expression with constitutive expression of HMG2 playing a housekeeping role in the general regulation of gene expression in Pharbitis nil cotyledons. 相似文献
17.
Xiao-Long Lin Yan-Min Zhao Li-Ping Yan Wen-Bin Liu Wen-Jun Bu Xin-Hua Wang Chen-Guang Zheng 《Zoologica scripta》2022,51(1):119-132
Evolutionary analysis of Prodiamesinae has long been impeded by lack of information, and its phylogenetic relationship with Orthocladiinae remains questionable. Here, ten complete mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of Orthocladiinae sensu lato were newly sequenced, including three Prodiamesinae species and seven Orthocladiinae species. Coupled with published mitogenomes, a total of 12 mitogenomes of Orthocladiinae sensu lato were selected for a comparative mitogenomic analysis and phylogenetic reconstruction. Mitogenomes of Orthocladiinae sensu lato are conserved in structure, and all genes arrange the same gene order as the ancestral insect mitogenome. Nucleotide composition is highly biased, and the control region displayed the highest A + T content. All protein-coding genes are under purifying selection, and the ATP8 evolves at the fastest rate. In addition, the mitogenomes of Orthocladiinae sensu lato are highly conserved, and they are practically useful for phylogenetic inference, suggesting a re-classification of Orthocladiinae by sinking Prodiamesinae as a subgroup of Orthocladiinae. 相似文献
18.
山西省异爪蝗属二新种(直翅目:网翅蝗科) 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
本文记述在晋南地区采到的异爪蝗属二新种,黑条异爪蝗Euchorthippus nigiliineatus sp.nov.及曲线异爪蝗Eochorthippus sinucarinatus sp.nov. 相似文献
19.
20.
This paper describes a generic algorithm for finding restrictionsites within DNA sequences. The genericity ofthe algorithm is made possible through the use of set theory.Basic elements of DNA sequences, i.e. nucleotides (bases), arerepresented in sets, and DNA sequences, whether specific, ambiguousor even protein-coding, are represented as sequences of thosesets. The set intersection operation demonstrates its abilityto perform pattern-matching correctly on various DNA sequences.The performance analysis showed that the degree of complexityof the pattern matching is reduced from exponential to linear.An example is given to show the actual and potential restrictionsites, derived by the generic algorithm, in the DNA sequencetemplate coding for a synthetic calmodulin.
Received on October 2, 1990; accepted on December 18, 1990 相似文献