Copper Salts Doped Spiro‐OMeTAD for High‐Performance Perovskite Solar Cells

The development of effective and stable hole transporting materials (HTMs) is very important for achieving high‐performance planar perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, copper salts (cuprous thiocyanate (CuSCN) or cuprous iodide (CuI)) doped 2,2,7,7‐tetrakis(N,N‐di‐p‐methoxyphenylamine)‐9,9‐spirobifluorene (spiro‐OMeTAD) based on a solution processing as the HTM in PSCs is demonstrated. The incorporation of CuSCN (or CuI) realizes a p‐type doping with efficient charge transfer complex, which results in improved film conductivity and hole mobility in spiro‐OMeTAD:CuSCN (or CuI) composite films. As a result, the PCE is largely improved from 14.82% to 18.02% due to obvious enhancements in the cell parameters of short‐circuit current density and fill factor. Besides the HTM role, the composite film can suppress the film aggregation and crystallization of spiro‐OMeTAD films with reduced pinholes and voids, which slows down the perovskite decomposition by avoiding the moisture infiltration to some extent. The finding in this work provides a simple method to improve the efficiency and stability of planar perovskite solar cells.     

Pharmacokinetics and Bioequivalence of Two Formulations of Febuxostat 40-Mg and 80-Mg Tablets: A Randomized,Open-Label, 4-Way Crossover Study in Healthy Chinese Male Volunteers

The present study aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetic properties of febuxostat in healthy Chinese male volunteers and evaluate whether the two formulations of febuxostat 40-mg and 80-mg tablets are bioequivalent. A randomized, open-label, 4-way crossover study was conducted in healthy Chinese male volunteers under fasting conditions. 24 eligible subjects were randomized in a 1:1:1:1 ratio to receive a single dose of test or reference formulation of febuxostat 40-mg or 80-mg tablet. The washout period between each administration was 1 week. Plasma febuxostat was quantified by a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. Tolerability was evaluated by monitoring adverse events, physical examinations, 12-lead ECG and laboratory tests. After single-dosing of 1 tablet of 40-mg febuxostat, the pharmacokinetic parameters of test and reference formulations were: T_max 1.22±0.87 and 1.85±1.03 h, C_max 1689.16±461.31 and 1613.80±608.43 ng·mL^-1, AUC_0-t 5139.87±1349.28 and 5517.91±2024.26 ng·mL^-1·h, AUC_0−∞ 5263.06±1339.16 and 5640.48±2040.22 ng·mL^-1·h, t_1/2 4.82±2.61 and 4.85±1.78 h, respectively. After single-dosing of 1 tablet of 80-mg febuxostat, the pharmacokinetic parameters of test and reference formulations were: T_max 1.71±1.21 and 2.23±1.55 h, C_max 2744.47±1157.44 and 2998.17±1200.13 ng·mL^-1, AUC_0-t 9634.03±2768.25 and 10467.95±3501.65 ng·mL^-1·h, AUC_0−∞ 9834.32±2730.51 and 10626.63±3504.08 ng·mL^-1·h, t_1/2 6.25±2.44 and 5.46±1.65 h, respectively. For single-dosing of 1 tablet of 40-mg febuxostat, 90% CIs for the test/reference ratio of AUC_0-t, AUC_0−∞ and C_max were 89.79 to 102.55, 90.14 to 102.56 and 93.99 to 129.63, respectively. For single-dosing of 1 tablet of 80-mg febuxostat, 90% CIs for the test/reference ratio of AUC_0-t, AUC_0−∞ and C_max were 86.67 to 100.00, 87.50 to 100.51 and 79.48 to 105.99, respectively. This single dose study revealed similar pharmacokinetic properties in healthy Chinese male volunteers as those found in Caucasic population. The test and reference febuxostat tablets formulations met the regulatory criteria for bioequivalence at 40-mg and 80-mg strengths in fasting healthy Chinese male volunteers.Trial Registration: Chictr.org ChiCTR-TTRCC-14004288     

The Spatio-temporal Distribution of Japanese Encephalitis Cases in Different Age Groups in Mainland China, 2004 – 2014

Background

Japanese encephalitis (JE) is very prevalent in China, but the incidence of JE among children has been greatly reduced by extensive promotion of vaccinations. The incidence of JE among adults, however, has increased in some parts of China.

Methods/Principal Findings

Data on JE in mainland China, in terms of incidence, gender, and age, were collected between 2004 and 2014. We conducted spatial and temporal analyses on data from different age groups. Generally, children aged 0–15 years still represent the major population of JE cases in China, despite the gradual decrease in incidence over years. However, the incidence of JE among adults in several provinces is notably higher than the national average, especially during the epidemic waves in 2006, 2009, and 2013. The JE cases in the 0–15-year-old group are distributed mainly in the area south of the Yangtze River, with peak incidence occurring from July to September. In the adult group, especially for those over 40 years old, the JE cases are concentrated mainly in the area north of the Yangtze River. JE incidence in the adult group in September and October is significantly greater compared to the other groups. Further analysis using Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA) reveals that the distribution of adult JE cases in the six provinces north of the Yangtze River, between north 30–35° latitude and east 110–130° longitude, is a hotspot for adult JE cases.

Conclusions/Significance

The rate of JE case increase for adults is much greater than for children and has become a public health issue. Therefore, studies on the necessity and feasibility of vaccinating adults who live in JE-endemic areas, but have never been vaccinated for JE, should become a new focus of JE prevention in the future.     

荷兰植物生态考察略记

应荷兰乌德勒支大学植物生态学系主任M.J.A.Werger教授的邀请,西南师范学院生物系副教授钟章成和作者于1985年5月抵荷兰进行了两周的植物生态学考察和讲学活动。在Werger教授的陪同下,野外考察几乎跑遍了整个荷兰,行程2000多公里,参观了7个国家级的自然保护区,包括5个主要自然植被类型如:森林、草地、沼泽、海岸沙丘、灌     

Genetic Analysis of the Role of Phytoalexin Detoxification in Virulence of the Fungus Nectria haematococca on Chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Chickpea (Cicer arietium L.) produces the antimicrobial compounds (phytoalexins) medicarpin and maackiain in response to infection by microorganisms. Nectria haematococca mating population (MP) VI, a fungus pathogenic on chickpea, can metabolize maackiain and medicarpin to less toxic products. These reactions are thought to be detoxification mechanisms in N. haematococca MP VI and required for pathogenesis by this fungus on chickpea. In the present study, these hypotheses were tested by examining the phenotypes of progeny from crosses of the fungus that segregated for genes (Mak genes) controlling phytoalexin metabolism. Mak1 and Mak2, two genes that individually confer the ability to convert maackiain to its 1a-hydroxydienone derivative, were linked to higher tolerance of the phytoalexins and high virulence on chickpea. These results indicate that this metabolic reaction is a mechanism for increased phytoalexin tolerance in the fungus, which thereby allows a higher virulence on chickpea. Mak3, a gene conferring the ability to convert maackiain to its 6a-hydroxypterocarpan derivative, also increased tolerance to maackiain in strains which carried it; however, the contribution of Mak3 to the overall level of pathogenesis could not be evaluated because most progeny from the cross segregating for this gene were low in virulence. Thus, metabolic detoxification of phytoalexins appeared to be necessary, as demonstrated in the Mak1 and Mak2 crosses, but not sufficient by itself, as in the Mak3 cross, for high virulence of N. haematococca MP VI on chickpea.     

几种树木枯叶分解速率的试验研究

 本文对几种树木的枯叶分解速率进行了研究,结果表明枯叶的分解速率因树种不同而异。一年的失重率刺槐、山杏、侧柏、元宝槭、黄栌分别为54%、64%、78%、73%、65%。应用指数衰减模型计算枯叶的年腐解率,刺槐、山杏、侧柏、元宝械、黄栌分别为0.490g／(g·a)、0.597g／(g·a),0.990g／(g·a)、0.800g／(g·a)、0.662g／(g·a)。根据枯叶的化学成分分析表明,枯叶的失重,首先是由粗脂肪,可溶性糖、丹宁,有机碳等的丧失所引起。枯叶在一年的分解过程中,碳、氮含量比值随时间的推移而下降。     

中国赫坎按蚊类群的六种按蚊的杂交和染色体的观察

本文报告了赫坎按蚊类群中的中华按蚊(ASS)、长浮按蚊(ACF)、嗜人按蚊(AAP)、大窄按蚊(ADZ)、小宽按蚊(AXK)以及四川的八代按蚊(AYS)与辽宁的AYL品系的杂交和唾腺染色体的观察。结果表明,中华按蚊和长浮按蚊,嗜人按蚊和大窄按蚊之间不存在生殖隔离。因此,长浮按蚊和大窄按蚊可能不是独立的物种:小宽按蚊和四川的八代按蚊不存在生殖隔离;小宽按蚊和辽宁的AYL品系以及AYL品系和四川的八代按蚊却存在生殖隔离。因此,AYL品系可能为新种,而小宽按蚊新种能否成立,有待进一步研究。     

Cholesterol metabolism. Effect of 26-thiacholesterol and 26-aminocholesterol, analogues of 26-hydroxycholesterol, on cholesterol synthesis and low-density-lipoprotein-receptor binding.

1. The effects of 26-aminocholesterol and 26-thiacholesterol on cholesterol synthesis and LDL (low-density lipoprotein)-receptor activity were compared with naturally occurring 26-hydroxycholesterol utilizing both human fibroblasts and hepatoma (Hep G2) cells. 2. At equimolar concentrations (0.625 microM), down-regulation of LDL-receptor activity and cholesterol synthesis was greater with human fibroblasts than with Hep G2 cells. 3. At much higher concentrations (5-20 microM) the 26-thia analogue had little effect on either cholesterol synthesis or LDL-receptor activity.     

Expression of various gametic types in pollen plants regenerated from hybrids between Triticum-Agropyron and wheat

Summary Studies of the chromosomal composition of pollen plants regenerated from the F₁ of hybrids produced from Triticum-Agropyron intermediate type and common wheat demonstrated that various gametic types of the F₁ could be fully expressed at the whole plant level via anther culture. The observed frequency of each of the eight types of pollen plants (based on their chromosome numbers) was in good agreement with the theoretical probabilities as shown by X² analysis. Comparative studies of the chromosome composition of somatic cells and pollen mother cells (PMC's) of selected pollen plants permitted classification of the plants into four distinct classes. The majority of these regenerated pollen plants had identical chromosome numbers in both root tip cells and PMC's. An alien disomic addition line, which was cytologically stable for two generations, was obtained directly from anther culture. Moreover, the addition line exhibits resistance to stripe rust disease, a trait which is conferred by the Agropyron chromosome. We suggest that anther culture techniques provide a unique and expeditious route for the introduction of alien genes or chromosomes into wheat cultivars.     

抗氧化剂对脂质过氧化反应混合物引起人培养细胞DNA损伤的影响

 <正> 脂质过氧化反应(LPR)中产生的自由基和过氧化物可引起多种细胞损伤,特别是对DNA的损伤可能是许多癌肿的重要原因。Akasaka等将E.coli与鼠肝微粒体脂质过氧化反应混合物(LPRM)孵育,使有DNA修复缺陷的细菌株突变率增加。我们将人羊膜FL细胞与大鼠肝微粒体LPRM共同培养,看能否诱发程序外DNA合成(UDS),并分组加入抗氧化剂观察其影响。