石竹属植物叶表皮特征及其系统学意义

用光学显微镜和扫描电镜,对石竹属12个种的植物叶表皮特征进行观察,统计并测量叶表皮气孔大小、气孔密度及气孔指数。结果表明,石竹属植物叶表皮细胞形态(表面观)为长方形和不规则多边形。乳突只存在于针叶石竹、高石竹和细茎石竹中。按气孔形状可将其分为了3个类型:椭圆形、卵圆形和长方形。研究结果对石竹属的系统分类和种间亲缘关系研究具有一定的参考价值。     

安徽皇埔山大型真菌区系地理成分分析

为了解安徽皇埔山自然保护区大型真菌区系多样性,对该地区的大型真菌区系地理成分进行了分析.结果表明:该地区共有大型真菌103种,分属于24科48属,其中优势科为Tricholomataceae(14种,占13.59％)、Russulaceae(11种,占10.68％)、Cortinariaceae(10种,占9.71％)和Polyporaceae(10种,占9.71％);优势属为Lactarius(8种,占7.77％)、Psathyrella(6种,占5.83％)、Cortinarius(5种,占4.85％)和Marasmius(5种,占4.85％);从属的区系地理成分上初步划分为世界广布成分(58.33％)、泛热带成分(29.17％)、北温带成分(10.42％)和热带-亚热带成分(2.08％);从种的地理成分上划分为:世界广布种(45种,占43.69％)、热带-亚热带分布种(31种,30.1％)、北温带分布种(24种,23.3％)及欧亚-北美-澳大利亚分布种(3种,2.91％)等分布型;皇埔山大型真菌的区系地理成分主要是以世界广布种为主,其次是热带-亚热带成分和北温带成分.     

微小RNA-499的表达特征及生物学作用

微小RNA-499（mieroRNA-499,miR-499）是近年来发现的肌球蛋白基因编码的miRNA（miRNA encoded by myosingene,myo—miR）家族新成员,目前发现它主要在人和动物的心肌和骨骼肌中表达,同时在其它多种组织中也可以被检测到。miR-499在心肌细胞的分化中起着至关重要的调控作用。在成人心肌和骨骼肌中,miR-499通过促进β-肌球蛋白重链（β—myosin heavy chain,p-MHC）的表达,使肌细胞的氧代谢和耐受力增强。miR-499可能通过不同的信号转导通路,参与了不同的心肌病理过程。此外,miR-499的血清／血浆水平在多种疾病患者中有显著变化,miR-499前体（pre—miR-499）的多态性也与人体对多种疾病的易感性相关,这些使其有望成为某些疾病临床检验的生物学标志物之一。     

Arabidopsis phosphatidylinositol monophosphate 5-kinase 2 is involved in root gravitropism through regulation of polar auxin transport by affecting the cycling of PIN proteins

Phosphatidylinositol monophosphate 5-kinase (PIP5K) catalyzes the synthesis of PI-4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P(2)) by phosphorylation of PI-4-phosphate at the 5 position of the inositol ring, and is involved in regulating multiple developmental processes and stress responses. We here report on the functional characterization of Arabidopsis PIP5K2, which is expressed during lateral root initiation and elongation, and whose expression is enhanced by exogenous auxin. The knockout mutant pip5k2 shows reduced lateral root formation, which could be recovered with exogenous auxin, and interestingly, delayed root gravity response that could not be recovered with exogenous auxin. Crossing with the DR5-GUS marker line and measurement of free IAA content confirmed the reduced auxin accumulation in pip5k2. In addition, analysis using the membrane-selective dye FM4-64 revealed the decelerated vesicle trafficking caused by PtdIns(4,5)P(2) reduction, which hence results in suppressed cycling of PIN proteins (PIN2 and 3), and delayed redistribution of PIN2 and auxin under gravistimulation in pip5k2 roots. On the contrary, PtdIns(4,5)P(2) significantly enhanced the vesicle trafficking and cycling of PIN proteins. These results demonstrate that PIP5K2 is involved in regulating lateral root formation and root gravity response, and reveal a critical role of PIP5K2/PtdIns(4,5)P(2) in root development through regulation of PIN proteins, providing direct evidence of crosstalk between the phosphatidylinositol signaling pathway and auxin response, and new insights into the control of polar auxin transport.     

山楂酸减少L02细胞脂质累积作用的研究(英文)

非酒精性脂肪性肝在发达国家和发展中国家中是一种常见的肝脏疾病。引起非酒精性脂肪性肝病的最常见原因有肥胖、糖尿病和高胆固醇。尽管非酒精性脂肪性肝病的发病率日益升高,事实上至今尚未发现可以用于治疗的药物。山楂酸是一种五环三萜化合物,已报道具有多种药理特性,包括抗炎、抗氧化以及免疫调节作用。我们的前期研究表明,山楂酸能够抑制高脂饲料诱导大鼠非酒精性脂肪性肝病的生成。本研究中,我们将探讨山楂酸体外对肝细胞(LO2)脂质累积的抑制作用。结果表明,山楂酸可抑制游离脂肪酸(FFA)诱导的LO2细胞脂质累积,进一步研究表明,山楂酸可抑制LO2细胞的SCAP mRNA水平和蛋白水平的表达。     

Molecular mechanism of the enhanced virulence of 2009 pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) virus from D222G mutation in the hemagglutinin: a molecular modeling study

D222G mutation of the hemagglutinin (HA) is of special interest because of its close association with the enhanced virulence of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus through the increased binding affinity to α2,3-linked sialylated glycan receptors. However, there is still a lack of detailed understanding about the molecular mechanism of this enhanced virulence. Here, molecular dynamics simulation and binding free energy calculation were performed to explore the altered glycan receptor binding mechanism of HA upon the D222G mutation by studying the interaction of one α2,3-linked sialylglycan (sequence: SIA-GAL-NAG) with the wild type and D222G mutated HA. The binding free energy calculation based on the molecular mechanics generalized Born surface area (MM-GBSA) method indicates that the D222G mutated HA has a much stronger binding affinity with the studied α2,3-linked glycan than the wild type. This is consistent with the experimental result. The increased binding free energy of D222G mutant mainly comes from the increased energy contribution of Gln223. The structural analysis proves that the altered electrostatic potential of receptor binding domain (RBD) and the increased flexibility of 220-loop are the essential reasons leading to the increased affinity of HA to α2,3-linked sialic acid glycans. The obtained results of this study have allowed a deeper understanding of the receptor recognition mechanism and the pathogenicity of influenza virus, which will be valuable to the structure-based inhibitors design targeting influenza virus entry process.     

Local and global effects of Mg2+ on Ago and miRNA-target interactions

Three magnesium ions (Mg(2+)), named Mg1 (in Mid domain), Mg2 and Mg3 (both in PIWI domain), located at the small RNA binding domain of Argonaute (Ago) protein, are important for sequence-specific miRNA-target interactions. Such conjunction between the Ago protein and miRNA raises the question: How do Mg(2+) ions participate in the recognition process of miRNA by Ago or its target. Furthermore, it is still unclear whether the Mg(2+) ions contribute to the local or global stability of the miRNA complex. In this work, we have performed a series of 16 independent molecular dynamic simulations (MD) to characterize the functions of Mg(2+), hydration patterns and the conformational events involved in the miRNA-target interactions. The cross correlation analysis shows that Mg1 and Mg2 significantly enhance a locally cooperated movement of the PAZ, PIWI and Mid domains with the average correlation coefficient of ～0.65, producing an "open-closed" motion (rotation Angle, 46.5°) between the PAZ and PIWI domains. Binding of Mg3 can globally stabilize the whole Ago protein with the average RMSD of ～0.34 ?, compared with the systems in absence of Mg3 (average RMSD?=?～0.43 ?). Three structural water molecules surrounding the Mg(2+)-binding regions also stabilize these ions, thus facilitating the recognition of miRNA to its target. In addition, the thermodynamic analysis also verifies the positive contribution of all three Mg(2+) to the binding of miRNA to Ago, as well as the importance Mg2 plays in the cleavage of the miRNA targets.     

Fomitiporia pentaphylacis and F. tenuitubus spp. nov. (Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota) from Guangxi, southern China

Two specimens of Hymenochaetaceae were collected from Guangxi, southern China, during a recent field trip in August 2011. They are described and illustrated here as two new species, Fomitiporia pentaphylacis and F. tenuitubus, based on a combination of morphological and phylogenetic (ITS and nLSU sequences) data. The two species share subglobose to globose, hyaline and thick-walled basidiospores with strongly cyanophilous in cotton blue and dextrinoid reaction in Melzer??s reagent. These characters are typical for Fomitiporia, differing from other genera in Hymenochaetaceae. F. pentaphylacis resembles F. pusilla in field by its minute basidiocarps, but F. pusilla has distinctly multiple tube layers and smaller basidiospores. F. tenuitubus is similar to F. erecta in both macro- and micro-morphological features, except its larger basidiocarps, smaller pores, and slightly shorter basidiospores. In the phylogenetic perspective, the two species nested within the Fomitiporia clade, but were separated from other sampled species as well as from each other.     

Fabrication of Bionic Superhydrophobic Manganese Oxide/Polystyrene Nanocomposite Coating

A superhydrophobic manganese oxide/polystyrene (MnO2/PS) nanocomposite coating was fabricated by a facile spraying process.The mixture solution of MnO2/PS was poured into a spray gun,and then sprayed onto the copper substrate using 0.2 MPa nitrogen gas to construct superhydrophobic coating.The wettability of the composite coating was measured by sessile drop method.When the weight ratio of MnO2 to PS is 0.5:1,the maximum of contact angle (CA) (140°) is obtained at drying temperature of 180 ℃.As the content of MnO2 increases,the maximum of CA (155°) is achieved at 100 ℃.Surface morphologies and chemical composition were analyzed to understand the effect of the content of MnO2 nanorods and the drying temperature on CA.The results show that the wettability of the coating can be controlled by the content ofMnO2 nanorods and the drying temperature.Using the proposed method,the thickness of the coating can be controlled by the spraying times.If damaged,the coating can be repaired just by spraying the mixture solution again.