G × E Analysis of Growth Traits of <i>Betula platyphylla</i> Clones at Three Separated Sites in Northeastern China

To select elite materials, the growth traits of 32 Betula platyphylla clones at three separated northern sites in Northeast China were investigated and analyzed. The results showed that there were significant differences among all variation sources in the different investigated traits (P < 0.01). Except for the carbon contents, all the coefficients of phenotypic variation of the other investigated traits were higher than 10%. The repeatability of different traits ranged from 0.760 to 0.998. Correlation analysis showed that tree height were significantly correlated with diameter at breast height, but neither was significantly correlated with leaf traits nor element contents. Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction analysis showed that genotype, environment and genotype × environment interactions were significantly different in diameter at breast height, which indicated that environment had a significant effect on genotype. Comprehensive assessment results showed that three clones with high and stable diameters at breast height were selected, and the genetic gains of diameter at breast height on sites Maoershan, Qingan, and Yongji were 21.24%, 20.58%, and 38.65%, respectively. The results could provide a theoretical basis for elite clone selection in B. platyphylla and other broad leaved species.     

白桦半同胞家系苗期生长和光合特性及其选育评价指标筛选

对6个白桦半同胞家系苗期生长、光合和叶绿素荧光参数进行测定,分析各指标的变异状况,并探讨白桦苗期选育评价的主要因子。结果表明:(1)白桦半同胞家系间生长性状(苗高、地径、叶片长度、叶片宽度、叶片数量、叶片长宽比)和光合指标(Pn、Gs、Ci、Tr、WUE)差异极显著,除Ci外各光合指标的变异系数和遗传变异系数均超过了10%。(2)白桦半同胞家系间叶绿素荧光参数F0、F0′、Fs、Fv′/Fm′、NPQ和Yield差异显著,除NPQ外所有叶绿素荧光参数变异系数和遗传变异系数均不超过10%,表明白桦半同胞家系叶片光合潜在能力差异不大。(3)白桦半同胞家系叶绿素荧光参数各指标遗传力H2均大于0.4,属中度遗传力,而生长指标和光合指标遗传力均大于0.7,属于较高遗传力,表明白桦半同胞家系生长和光合变异主要由遗传因素控制,有利于苗期选择评价。(4)白桦半同胞家系苗高、地径与WUE显著正相关,而与Yield显著负相关;叶片数量和叶片宽度对白桦苗期苗高和地径影响较大,可以作为苗期选择评价的主要因子。     

广西甜茶ISSR-PCR反应条件的建立与优化

为了探讨广西甜茶ISSR实验中的多种因素对实验结果的影响,采用单因素法对PCR反应体系中的5个潜在因素(Mg2+, dNTP,引物, Taq酶和模板DNA)在5水平上进行优化实验,并进一步优化了反应程序中的退火温度和循环次数。结果表明：25滋L的最佳反应体系为,1×PCR Buffer、MgCl22.0 mmol/L、dNTP 0.2 mmol/L、引物0.8滋mol/L、Taq DNA聚合酶0.75 U、模板DNA 80 ng;最佳反应程序为：在94℃下进行3 min预变性;随后循环扩增35次(包括94℃变性1 min,54℃退火1 min,72℃延伸1 min);最后在72℃下延伸10 min。本研究建立的广西甜茶的最佳ISSR-PCR反应条件为进一步进行遗传多样性研究奠定了基础。     

Deep sea sediments associated with cold seeps are a subsurface reservoir of viral diversity

In marine ecosystems, viruses exert control on the composition and metabolism of microbial communities, influencing overall biogeochemical cycling. Deep sea sediments associated with cold seeps are known to host taxonomically diverse microbial communities, but little is known about viruses infecting these microorganisms. Here, we probed metagenomes from seven geographically diverse cold seeps across global oceans to assess viral diversity, virus–host interaction, and virus-encoded auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs). Gene-sharing network comparisons with viruses inhabiting other ecosystems reveal that cold seep sediments harbour considerable unexplored viral diversity. Most cold seep viruses display high degrees of endemism with seep fluid flux being one of the main drivers of viral community composition. In silico predictions linked 14.2% of the viruses to microbial host populations with many belonging to poorly understood candidate bacterial and archaeal phyla. Lysis was predicted to be a predominant viral lifestyle based on lineage-specific virus/host abundance ratios. Metabolic predictions of prokaryotic host genomes and viral AMGs suggest that viruses influence microbial hydrocarbon biodegradation at cold seeps, as well as other carbon, sulfur and nitrogen cycling via virus-induced mortality and/or metabolic augmentation. Overall, these findings reveal the global diversity and biogeography of cold seep viruses and indicate how viruses may manipulate seep microbial ecology and biogeochemistry.Subject terms: Environmental microbiology, Microbial ecology     

萌芽菊芋块茎对盐碱土壤胁迫的生理响应

土壤盐碱化是影响全球农业生产和生态环境的重要问题。在农田、轻度盐碱草地和重度盐碱草地设置样地以块茎种植菊芋,次年5月块茎萌发阶段取块茎样品测定丙二醛、游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量以及抗氧化酶活性并进行蛋白质组学分析,分析了萌芽菊芋块茎对盐碱土壤胁迫的生理响应。0—20 cm土层的电导率(表征土壤可溶盐含量)表明从农田到轻度、重度盐碱草地土壤盐碱胁迫逐渐增强,丙二醛含量变化反映出菊芋块茎受害程度逐渐增加,并且基于游离脯氨酸的渗透调节能力也在逐渐增强。蛋白质组学分析结果显示与遗传信息加工相关的差异蛋白数量最多(占28.75%)且多为表达上调,意味着DNA复制和转录、蛋白质合成和折叠的相关蛋白在响应盐碱胁迫中发挥关键作用。碳水化合物及多糖代谢(占15%)、氨基酸代谢(占11.25%)以及能量代谢(占7.5%)相关的差异蛋白数量也较多,说明调节物质代谢平衡在萌芽菊芋块茎应对盐碱土壤胁迫过程中有重要作用。这些结果为揭示萌芽菊芋块茎适应盐胁迫的生理机制奠定了基础。     

膨大剂处理对樟子松种实性状的影响

樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica)是我国北方重要的用材、园林绿化及生态防护树种。研究膨大剂处理对樟子松种实性状的影响,可以为樟子松优质球果的高产、稳产的科学管理方式提供依据。本研究以吉林省延边自治区汪清县亲和种子园樟子松优良单株为研究对象,分析氯吡脲(PPU)和α-萘乙酸钠(α-NA)2种膨大剂处理对樟子松球果产量、球果质量、种子产量和种子质量等指标的影响。膨大剂处理后,樟子松种实性状的平均值均大于对照,表明膨大剂处理对于樟子松的种实发育有促进作用;樟子松的球果重、单果出籽量、种长及种宽在各处理间差异均达极显著水平(P<0.001),表明膨大剂处理对樟子松球果产量以及种子质量有极显著影响。膨大剂处理后单果出籽量和单果出籽重的表型变异系数分别达到28.54%、33.88%。利用球果性状对各处理进行综合评价,初步选出氯吡脲浓度10 mg·L^-1为最佳处理,该处理条件下球果长、球果宽、球果重的现实增益分别为11.81%、4.65%和24.35%;根据种子性状初步选出α-萘乙酸钠质量浓度为10 mg·L^-1的...     

LRR conservation mapping to predict functional sites within protein leucine-rich repeat domains

Computational prediction of protein functional sites can be a critical first step for analysis of large or complex proteins. Contemporary methods often require several homologous sequences and/or a known protein structure, but these resources are not available for many proteins. Leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) are ligand interaction domains found in numerous proteins across all taxonomic kingdoms, including immune system receptors in plants and animals. We devised Repeat Conservation Mapping (RCM), a computational method that predicts functional sites of LRR domains. RCM utilizes two or more homologous sequences and a generic representation of the LRR structure to identify conserved or diversified patches of amino acids on the predicted surface of the LRR. RCM was validated using solved LRR+ligand structures from multiple taxa, identifying ligand interaction sites. RCM was then used for de novo dissection of two plant microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) receptors, EF-TU RECEPTOR (EFR) and FLAGELLIN-SENSING 2 (FLS2). In vivo testing of Arabidopsis thaliana EFR and FLS2 receptors mutagenized at sites identified by RCM demonstrated previously unknown functional sites. The RCM predictions for EFR, FLS2 and a third plant LRR protein, PGIP, compared favorably to predictions from ODA (optimal docking area), Consurf, and PAML (positive selection) analyses, but RCM also made valid functional site predictions not available from these other bioinformatic approaches. RCM analyses can be conducted with any LRR-containing proteins at www.plantpath.wisc.edu/RCM, and the approach should be modifiable for use with other types of repeat protein domains.     

Genetic Variation in Growth and Cone Traits of <i>Pinus Koraiensis</i> Half-Sib Families in Northeast China

Genetic parameters were evaluated for growth and cone characteristics (tree height, diameter at breast height, volume, cone number, thousand seeds weight and single cone seeds weight) on 86 half-sib families of Pinus koraiensis aged 31 years. Analyses of variance revealed significant differences (p < 0.001) in all growth and cone traits among families while no significant differences were detected among blocks and the interaction between blocks and families. The average family values for growth traits were 17.22 m, 8.67 cm and 0.43 m3 for tree height, diameter at breast height and volume, respectively. The average cone number, thousand seeds weight and single cone seeds weight were 17.57, 748.91 g and 77.25 g, respectively. Genotypic additive variance and phenotypic variances ranged from 0.00009 to 3.820 and from 0.0005 to 23.066, while genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation ranged from 2.693% to 37.196% and 4.963% to 60.595%, respectively. Heritability at the individual and family level ranged from 0.152 to 0.215 and 0.611 to 0.862, respectively. Growth traits were significantly positively correlated with each other, but cone traits showed a weak correlation with growth traits. Based on 10% selection rate, nine families each were selected as elite materials in terms of high performance in volume and cone numbers, with 22.16% and 43.82% genetic gain in volume and cone number, respectively. These results provide beneficial information to select excellent families and establish orchards of P. koraiensis from improved seeds.