Host‐induced gene silencing of an essential chitin synthase gene confers durable resistance to Fusarium head blight and seedling blight in wheat

Fusarium head blight (FHB) and Fusarium seedling blight (FSB) of wheat, caused by Fusarium pathogens, are devastating diseases worldwide. We report the expression of RNA interference (RNAi) sequences derived from an essential Fusarium graminearum (Fg) virulence gene, chitin synthase (Chs) 3b, as a method to enhance resistance of wheat plants to fungal pathogens. Deletion of Chs3b was lethal to Fg; disruption of the other Chs gene family members generated knockout mutants with diverse impacts on Fg. Comparative expression analyses revealed that among the Chs gene family members, Chs3b had the highest expression levels during Fg colonization of wheat. Three hairpin RNAi constructs corresponding to the different regions of Chs3b were found to silence Chs3b in transgenic Fg strains. Co‐expression of these three RNAi constructs in two independent elite wheat cultivar transgenic lines conferred high levels of stable, consistent resistance (combined type I and II resistance) to both FHB and FSB throughout the T₃ to T₅ generations. Confocal microscopy revealed profoundly restricted mycelia in Fg‐infected transgenic wheat plants. Presence of the three specific short interfering RNAs in transgenic wheat plants was confirmed by Northern blotting, and these RNAs efficiently down‐regulated Chs3b in the colonizing Fusarium pathogens on wheat seedlings and spikes. Our results demonstrate that host‐induced gene silencing of an essential fungal chitin synthase gene is an effective strategy for enhancing resistance in crop plants under field test conditions.     

下行易化系统及其参与神经病理痛的机制

神经病理痛是指由中枢或外周神经系统损伤或疾病引起的疼痛综合征.神经病理痛是临床上常见的一种疾病,但是其发病机制不甚清楚,临床上也缺乏有效的治疗手段.近年来的研究除了集中于痛觉的上行传导及中枢机制,以及痛觉的下行抑制之外,也证明下行易化系统激活参与神经病理痛的发病机制.本文拟对此进行综述,希望为治疗神经病理痛提供新思路.     

高效降解棉酚菌株的选育及脱毒条件的研究

From mildewed cottonseed cake and stock cultUres of mold and yeast We select more than ten strains of yeastS and molds which can degrade cotton Phenol. At last we got four strains which can degrade cotton phenol highly effeted after mutagenized by physical and chemical factors and induced by cotton Phenol. They belong to Candida tropicalis, Torulopsis candida, Aspergillus flavus and ASPergillus niger. By small and medium size fermenfations, the content of dissociated cottom Phenol all reach safe criterion (…     

蛋白质/多肽片段互补分析法检测alpha-突触核蛋白在细胞中的聚集

Alpha-突触核蛋白（α-synuclein, α-syn）聚集是引起帕金森病（Parkinson’s disease, PD）发生发展主要原因。本文用蛋白质/多肽片段互补分析法（protein-fragment complementation assays, PCAs）检测α-syn在细胞内的聚集。分别构建融合α-syn与人工改造的荧光素酶human Gaussiaprinceps luciferase（hGLuc）蛋白N端或C端蛋白的质粒,共转入人神经母细胞瘤SK-N-SH细胞,通过检测酶活性来确定野生型（wild type,WT）及A53T突变体α-syn在细胞中的聚集情况。结果表明WT和A53T突变α-syn都能使荧光素酶活性增强,而且与野生型α-syn相比,突变体A53T的荧光素酶活性更强,说明二者都能聚集,而且A53T聚集程度高于WT。PCAs法具有高灵敏度,不仅能检测α-syn在细胞内的聚集,而且能反映其聚集的程度,为研究帕金森病提供了研究思路和相应药物筛选的有效工具。     

The Shelterin TIN2 Subunit Mediates Recruitment of Telomerase to Telomeres

Dyskeratosis Congenita (DC) is a heritable multi-system disorder caused by abnormally short telomeres. Clinically diagnosed by the mucocutaneous symptoms, DC patients are at high risk for bone marrow failure, pulmonary fibrosis, and multiple types of cancers. We have recapitulated the most common DC-causing mutation in the shelterin component TIN2 by introducing a TIN2-R282H mutation into cultured telomerase-positive human cells via a knock-in approach. The resulting heterozygous TIN2-R282H mutation does not perturb occupancy of other shelterin components on telomeres, result in activation of telomeric DNA damage signaling or exhibit other characteristics indicative of a telomere deprotection defect. Using a novel assay that monitors the frequency and extension rate of telomerase activity at individual telomeres, we show instead that telomerase elongates telomeres at a reduced frequency in TIN2-R282H heterozygous cells; this recruitment defect is further corroborated by examining the effect of this mutation on telomerase-telomere co-localization. These observations suggest a direct role for TIN2 in mediating telomere length through telomerase, separable from its role in telomere protection.     

帕金森病和正常人外周血单个核细胞的蛋白质组差异分析

目的:通过研究帕金森病和正常外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)的蛋白质组差异,初步探讨外周免疫系统与帕金森病的病理联系.方法:用固相pH梯度双向凝胶电泳分离人帕金森病和正常单个核细胞总蛋白质,考马斯亮蓝染色,PDQuest 2-DE软件分析,对部分差异蛋白质点进行基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF-MS)测定其胶内酶解后的肽质指纹图谱,用Mascot查询系统查询SWISS-PROT数据库.结果:获得了分辨率和重复性均较好的双向电泳考染图谱,对其中的21个差异蛋白质点分别进行肽质指纹分析,经数据库查询,初步鉴定为一些与蛋白降解、抗氧化应激、信号转导、细胞骨架、细胞周期调控等有关的蛋白质.结论:建立了帕金森病PBMC的双向凝胶电泳图谱,提示帕金森病和正常的PBMC的蛋白质表达具有差异.     

Modifying L-type calcium current kinetics: consequences for cardiac excitation and arrhythmia dynamics

The L-type Ca current (I_Ca,L), essential for normal cardiac function, also regulates dynamic action potential (AP) properties that promote ventricular fibrillation. Blocking I_Ca,L can prevent ventricular fibrillation, but only at levels suppressing contractility. We speculated that, instead of blocking I_Ca,L, modifying its shape by altering kinetic features could produce equivalent anti-fibrillatory effects without depressing contractility. To test this concept experimentally, we overexpressed a mutant Ca-insensitive calmodulin (CaM₁₂₃₄) in rabbit ventricular myocytes to inhibit Ca-dependent I_Ca,L inactivation, combined with the ATP-sensitive K current agonist pinacidil or I_Ca,L blocker verapamil to maintain AP duration (APD) near control levels. Cell shortening was enhanced in pinacidil-treated myocytes, but depressed in verapamil-treated myocytes. Both combinations flattened APD restitution slope and prevented APD alternans, similar to I_Ca,L blockade. To predict the arrhythmogenic consequences, we simulated the cellular effects using a new AP model, which reproduced flattening of APD restitution slope and prevention of APD/Ca_i transient alternans but maintained a normal Ca_i transient. In simulated two-dimensional cardiac tissue, these changes prevented the arrhythmogenic spatially discordant APD/Ca_i transient alternans and spiral wave breakup. These findings provide a proof-of-concept test that I_Ca,L can be targeted to increase dynamic wave stability without depressing contractility, which may have promise as an antifibrillatory strategy.