Synthesis, (1-->3)-beta-D-glucanase-binding ability and phytoalexin-elicitor activity of (R)-2,3-epoxypropyl (1-->3)-beta-D-pentaglucoside

The (1-->3)-beta-D-pentaglucoside was synthesized as its (R)-2,3-epoxypropyl glycoside via 2+3 strategy. The disaccharide donor 8 was obtained by 3-selective coupling of 2 with 4, followed by deallylation, and trichloroacetimidation. Meanwhile, the trisaccharide acceptor 12 was prepared by coupling of 10 with 4, followed by deacetylation. Condensation of 8 with 12, followed by epoxidation, and deprotection, gave the target pentaoside. The results of these bioassays demonstrated that the (1-->3)-beta-D-glucanase was obviously inactivated by 15 with k(app)=3.79 x 10(-4) min(-1). At the same time, we found that the 15 was more active as compared to the laminaripentaose in eliciting phytoalexin accumulation in tobacco cotyledon tissue, and it could be kept longer time than laminaripentaose, which indicated it is much more stable than laminaripentaose.     

Alkaline phosphatase-to-albumin ratio as a novel predictor of long-term adverse outcomes in coronary artery disease patients who underwent PCI

Background: Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and albumin (ALB) have been shown to be associated with coronary artery disease (CAD), and it has been reported that alkaline phosphatase-to-albumin ratio (AAR) is associated with the liver damage and poorer prognosis of patients with digestive system malignancy. Moreover, several previous studies showed that there was a higher incidence of malignancy in CAD patients. However, to our knowledge, the relationship between AAR and long-term adverse outcomes in CAD patients after undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has not been investigated. Therefore, we aim to access the relation between AAR and long-term adverse outcomes in post-PCI patients with CAD.Methods: A total of 3378 post-PCI patients with CAD were enrolled in the retrospective Clinical Outcomes and Risk Factors of Patients with Coronary Heart Disease after PCI (CORFCHD-ZZ) study from January 2013 to December 2017. The median duration of follow-up was 37.59 ± 22.24 months. The primary end point was long-term mortality including all-cause mortality (ACM) and cardiac mortality (CM). The secondary end points were major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs).Results: Kaplan–Meier analyses showed that an increased AAR was positively correlated with incidences of long-term ACM (log-rank, P=0.014), CM (log-rank, P=0.011), MACEs (log-rank, P=0.013) and MACCEs (log-rank, P=0.006). Multivariate Cox regression analyses showed that the elevated AAR was an independent predictor of long-term ACM (adjusted HR = 1.488 [1.031–2.149], P=0.034), CM (adjusted HR = 1.837 [1.141–2.959], P=0.012), MACEs (adjusted HR = 1.257 [1.018–1.551], P=0.033) and MACCEs (adjusted HR = 1.237 [1.029–1.486], P=0.024).Conclusion: An elevated AAR is a novel independent predictor of long-term adverse outcomes in CAD patients following PCI.     

Synthesis, immunological activities, and scavenging ability toward superoxide anion of (1-->3)-beta-D-pentaglucoside and its epoxyalkyl derivatives

The epoxyalkyl (1-->3)-beta-D-pentaglucosides 2 and 3 were synthesized in order by acetylation, glycosidation, oxidation, and deacetylation of 1. The immunological activities (superoxide anion production activity, phagocytic activity, and lymphocyte proliferation) and scavenging ability toward superoxide anion of (1-->3)-beta-D-pentaglucoside (1) and its epoxyalkyl derivatives (2 and 3) were investigated. Superoxide anion released from human blood monocytes was measured by the reduction of ferricytochrome c. Phagocytosis by peritoneal macrophages was detected through a teal ingesting that measured the chicken red blood cells (CRBC). Lymphocyte proliferation was determined by the MTT method. The scavenging ability of 1, 2, and 3 toward superoxide anions was evaluated by means of chemiluminescence (CL). The results showed that 2 and 3 had a little higher immunological activity and scavenging ability toward superoxide anion than 1, which indicated that the reducing end of the oligoglucosides was quite important for maximum biological activity.     

Synthesis, (1-->3)-beta-D-glucanase-binding ability, and phytoalexin-elicitor activity of a mixture of 3,4-epoxybutyl (1-->3)-beta-D-oligoglucosides

We describe a approach for the synthesis of a mixture of 3,4-epoxybutyl (1-->3)-beta-D-oligoglucosides. The particular (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan isolated from the cell walls of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was recovered from the aqueous medium as water-insoluble particles by the spray drying (GS) method, and it was characterized by FTIR spectroscopy. The acid-solubilized (1-->3)-beta-D-oligoglucosides were prepared by partial acid hydrolysis of glucan particles, which were qualitatively analyzed by fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis (FACE). The peracetylated 3-butenyl (1-->3)-beta-D-oligoglucosides were synthesized by treating peracetylated (1-->3)-beta-D-oligoglucosides with the 3-butenyl alcohols and a Lewis acid (SnCl4) catalyst. Epoxidation of the peracetylated 3-butenyl oligoglucosides took place with m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (m-CPBA). NaOMe in dry methanol was used for the deacetylation of the blocked derivatives, to give the 3,4-epoxybutyl (1-->3)-beta-D-oligoglucoside mixture in an overall yield of 21%. The sample was analyzed by positive-ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESIMS). In a 3,4-epoxybutyl (1-->3)-beta-D-oligoglucoside-binding (1-->3)-beta-D-glucanase assay, we found that the (1-->3)-beta-D-glucanase was obviously inactivated by the 3,4-epoxybutyl (1-->3)-beta-D-oligoglucosides. At the same time, we found the 3,4-epoxybutyl (1-->3)-beta-D-oligoglucoside mixture was more active as compared to the underivatized oligoglucoside mixture in eliciting phytoalexin accumulation in tobacco cotyledon tissue. Furthermore, it could be kept for a longer time than a (1-->3)-beta-D-oligoglucoside mixture, which indicated it is much more stable than (1-->3)-beta-D-oligoglucosides.     

Synthesis, protein-binding ability and phytoalexin-elicitor activity of epoxyalkyl (1-->3)-beta-D-oligoglucosides

We describe a approach for the synthesis of (1-->3)-beta-D-oligosaccharide derivatives 10-18. 1-9 were synthesized by treating peracetylated (1-->3)-beta-D-oligosaccharides with the corresponding alkenyl alcohols and Lewis acid (SnCl(4)) catalyst. Epoxidation of the corresponding alkenyl oligoglucosides took place by m-CPBA. NaOMe in dry methanol was used for the deacetylation of the blocked derivatives, to give 10-18 in an overall yields of 25-32%. In subsequent glucan-binding protein of soybean assays, we found that 16 was most active, with an IC(50) value of 9 mM. However, the activities of 17, 18, 13, 14, 15, 10, 11, and 12 were gradually decreased. At the same time, we found 16 was most active as compared to the other (1-->3)-beta-D- oligoglucoside derivatives in eliciting phytoalexin accumulation in soybean cotyledon tissue, and 16 was kept longer time than (1-->3)-beta-D-glucohexaose, which indicated 16 is much more stable than (1-->3)-beta-D-glucohexaose.     

A new fermentation process allows large-scale production of tetra-N-acetyl-chitotetraosyl allosamizoline

A new compound 2, possessing a tetra-N-acetyl-chitotetraosyl moiety as a constituent, was synthesized by bacterial fermentation, which used allosamizoline 1 as the initial acceptor. A 2-binding chitinase assay, indicated that the chitinase was inactivated by 2 with IC50 = 0.03 microg/mL.     

Synthesis, protein-binding ability and phytoalexin-elicitor activity of epoxyalkyl (1→3)-β-D-oligoglucosides

We describe a approach for the synthesis of (1→3)-β-D-oligosaccharide derivatives 10–18. 1–9 were synthesized by treating peracetylated (1→3)-β-D-oligosaccharides with the corresponding alkenyl alcohols and Lewis acid (SnCl₄) catalyst. Epoxidation of the corresponding alkenyl oligoglucosides took place by m-CPBA. NaOMe in dry methanol was used for the deacetylation of the blocked derivatives, to give 10–18 in an overall yields of 25–32%. In subsequent glucan-binding protein of soybean assays, we found that 16 was most active, with an IC₅₀ value of 9 mM. However, the activities of 17, 18, 13, 14, 15, 10, 11, and 12 were gradually decreased. At the same time, we found 16 was most active as compared to the other (1→3)-β-D- oligoglucoside derivatives in eliciting phytoalexin accumulation in soybean cotyledon tissue, and 16 was kept longer time than (1→3)-β-D-glucohexaose, which indicated 16 is much more stable than (1→3)-β-D-glucohexaose. Published in 2004.     

Clinical application prospects and transformation value of dental follicle stem cells in oral and neurological diseases

Since dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) were first reported, six types of dental SCs (DSCs) have been isolated and identified. DSCs originating from the craniofacial neural crest exhibit dental-like tissue differentiation potential and neuro-ectodermal features. As a member of DSCs, dental follicle SCs (DFSCs) are the only cell type obtained at the early developing stage of the tooth prior to eruption. Dental follicle tissue has the distinct advantage of large tissue volume compared with other dental tissues, which is a prerequisite for obtaining a sufficient number of cells to meet the needs of clinical applications. Furthermore, DFSCs exhibit a significantly higher cell proliferation rate, higher colony-formation capacity, and more primitive and better anti-inflammatory effects than other DSCs. In this respect, DFSCs have the potential to be of great clinical significance and translational value in oral and neurological diseases, with natural advantages based on their origin. Lastly, cryopreservation preserves the biological properties of DFSCs and enables them to be used as off-shelf products for clinical applications. This review summarizes and comments on the properties, application potential, and clinical transformation value of DFSCs, thereby inspiring novel perspectives in the future treatment of oral and neurological diseases.