Short hairpin RNAs against eotaxin or interleukin‐5 decrease airway eosinophilia and hyper‐responsiveness in a murine model of asthma

Background

Eosinophilia plays the major role in the pathogenesis of asthma and correlates with the up‐regulation of eotaxin, which, together with interleukin (IL)‐5, is important for differentiation, chemo‐attraction, degranulation, and survival of eosinophils in local tissue. In a previous study, we found that administration of lentivirus‐delivered short hairpin RNA (shRNA) to suppress the expression of IL‐5 inhibited airway inflammation. The present study aimed to investigate the role of eotaxin shRNA and the synergistic effect of eotaxin and IL‐5 shRNAs on airway inflammation in an ovalbumin (OVA)‐induced murine model of asthma.

Methods

Lentivirus‐delivered shRNAs were used to suppress the expression of eotaxin and/or IL‐5 in local tissue in an OVA‐induced murine asthma model.

Results

Intra‐tracheal administration of lentivirus containing eotaxin shRNA expressing cassette (eoSEC3.3) efficiently moderated the characteristics of asthma, including airway hyper‐responsiveness, cellular infiltration of lung tissues, and eotaxin and IL‐5 levels in bronchio‐alveolar lavage fluid. Administration of lentiviruses expressing IL‐5 or eotaxin shRNAs (IL5SEC4 + eoSEC3.3) also moderated the symptoms of asthma in a mouse model.

Conclusions

Local delivery of lentiviruses expressing IL‐5 and eotaxin shRNAs provides a potential tool in moderating airway inflammation and also has the potential for developing clinical therapy based on the application of shRNAs of chemokines and cytokines involved in T helper 2 cell inflammation and eosinophilia. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Iron and Porphyrin Trafficking in Heme Biogenesis

Iron is an essential element for diverse biological functions. In mammals, the majority of iron is enclosed within a single prosthetic group: heme. In metazoans, heme is synthesized via a highly conserved and coordinated pathway within the mitochondria. However, iron is acquired from the environment and subsequently assimilated into various cellular pathways, including heme synthesis. Both iron and heme are toxic but essential cofactors. How is iron transported from the extracellular milieu to the mitochondria? How are heme and heme intermediates coordinated with iron transport? Although recent studies have answered some questions, several pieces of this intriguing puzzle remain unsolved.     

Determinants of growth-promoting activity reside in the A-domain of insulin-like growth factor I

A two-chain, disulfide linked, insulin-like compound embodying the A-domain of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and the B-chain of insulin has been synthesized and characterized with respect to insulin-like biological activity and growth-promoting potency. The compound displays a potency of ca. 41% relative to insulin in assays for insulin-like activity (e.g., lipogenesis) but significantly higher activity than insulin, ca. 730% relative to insulin, in growth factor assays (e.g., thymidine incorporation). The compound is, however, a less potent growth factor than IGF-I itself, ca. 26.5% relative to IGF-I, and is not recognized by IGF carrier proteins. We conclude that structural features contained in the A-domain of IGF-I are primarily responsible for the growth-promoting ability displayed by IGF-I, while features in the B-domain are responsible for recognition by IGF carrier proteins.     

Involvement of the Golgi region in the intracellular trafficking of cholera toxin

The intracellular pathway following receptor-mediated endocytosis of cholera toxin was studied using brefeldin A (BFA), which inhibited protein secretion and induced dramatic morphological changes in the Golgi region. In both mouse Y1 adrenal cells and CHO cells, BFA at 1 μg/ml caused a 80–90% inhibition of the cholera toxin (CT)-elevation of intracellular cAMP. The inhibition of the cytotoxicity of CT by BFA was also observed in a rounding assay of Y1 adrenal cells. The inhibition of CT cytotoxicity by BFA was dose dependent, with the ID₅₀ value similar to the LD₅₀ of BFA in Y1 adrenal cells. Binding and internalization of [¹²⁵I]-cholera toxin in Y1 adrenal cells was not affected by BFA. Unlike the BFA-sensitive cell lines such as Y1 adrenal and CHO cells, BFA at 1 μg/ml did not inhibit the cytotoxicity of CT in PtK₁ cells, of which the Golgi structure was BFA-resistant. These results strongly suggest that a BFA-sensitive Golgi is required for the protection of CT cytotoxicity by BFA. In contrast, elevation of the intracellular cAMP by forskolin, which acts directly on the plasma membrane adenylate cyclase, was not affected by BFA. These observations indicate that the intoxication of target cells by CT requires an intact Golgi region for its intracellular trafficking and/or processing. In this respect, CT shares a common intracellular pathway with ricin, Pseudomonas toxin, and modeccin, even though their structures and modes of action are very different. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Importance of lysine-286 at the NADP site of glutamate dehydrogenase from Salmonella typhimurium.

Affinity labeling studies of NADP(+)-glutamate dehydrogenase from Salmonella typhimurium have shown that the peptide Leu-282-Lys-286 is located near the coenzyme site [Haeffner-Gormley et al. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 5388-5394]. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the role of lysine-286. The mutant enzymes K286R, K286Q, and K286E were prepared by site-directed mutagenesis, expressed in Escherichia coli, and purified. The Vmax values (micromoles of NADPH per minute per milligram of protein) were similar for WT (270), K286R (529), K296Q (409), and K286E (382) enzymes. As measured at pH 7.9, the Km value for NADPH was much greater for K286E (280 microM) than for WT (9.8 microM), K286R (30 microM), or K286Q (66 microM) enzymes. The efficiencies (kcat/Km) of the WT and K286R mutant were similar (1.2 x 10(3) min-1 microM-1 and 1.0 x 10(3) min-1 microM-1, respectively) while those of K286Q (0.30 x 10(3) min-1 microM-1) and K286E (0.07 x 10(3) min-1 microM-1) were greatly reduced. The decreased efficiency of the K286E mutant results from the increase in Km-NADPH, consistent with a role for a basic residue at position 286 which enhances the binding of NADPH. Plots of Vmax vs pH showed the pH optima to be 8.1-8.3 for all enzymes at saturating NADPH concentrations. A 40-fold increase in Km-NADPH for K286E was observed as the pH increased from 5.98 to 8.08, from which a unique pKe of 6.5 was calculated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Production of multimeric forms of CD4 through a sugar-based cross-linking strategy

We have developed a three-step cross-linking procedure that is specifically targeted at the carbohydrate on a protein and applied it to CD4 as a model system for studying the role of multivalent interactions in function. In the first step CD4 was oxidized with periodate, creating aldehydes that served as targets for the subsequent chemistry. Next the aldehydes were modified with cystamine, converting the reactive group into a thiol. Finally cross-linking through the thiol moiety was generated with the homobifunctional cross-linker bismaleimidohexane. With this procedure, approximately 60% of the CD4 was converted into higher molecular weight complexes that were soluble and retained function as assessed by glycoprotein gp120 binding activity. CD4 dimers and tetramers by mass were 4 and 15 times as active as CD4 monomer in blocking virus infection with HTLV-IIIB in an in vitro cellular assay. The cross-linking chemistry provides an efficient method for producing homomultimers of a glycoprotein.     

Metabolomics and In-Silico Analysis Reveal Critical Energy Deregulations in Animal Models of Parkinson’s Disease

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a multifactorial disease known to result from a variety of factors. Although age is the principal risk factor, other etiological mechanisms have been identified, including gene mutations and exposure to toxins. Deregulation of energy metabolism, mostly through the loss of complex I efficiency, is involved in disease progression in both the genetic and sporadic forms of the disease. In this study, we investigated energy deregulation in the cerebral tissue of animal models (genetic and toxin induced) of PD using an approach that combines metabolomics and mathematical modelling. In a first step, quantitative measurements of energy-related metabolites in mouse brain slices revealed most affected pathways. A genetic model of PD, the Park2 knockout, was compared to the effect of CCCP, a complex I blocker. Model simulated and experimental results revealed a significant and sustained decrease in ATP after CCCP exposure, but not in the genetic mice model. In support to data analysis, a mathematical model of the relevant metabolic pathways was developed and calibrated onto experimental data. In this work, we show that a short-term stress response in nucleotide scavenging is most probably induced by the toxin exposure. In turn, the robustness of energy-related pathways in the model explains how genetic perturbations, at least in young animals, are not sufficient to induce significant changes at the metabolite level.