全文获取类型
收费全文 | 14704篇 |
免费 | 1275篇 |
国内免费 | 1754篇 |
专业分类
17733篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 48篇 |
2023年 | 218篇 |
2022年 | 457篇 |
2021年 | 693篇 |
2020年 | 558篇 |
2019年 | 647篇 |
2018年 | 582篇 |
2017年 | 468篇 |
2016年 | 631篇 |
2015年 | 963篇 |
2014年 | 1128篇 |
2013年 | 1184篇 |
2012年 | 1493篇 |
2011年 | 1303篇 |
2010年 | 790篇 |
2009年 | 733篇 |
2008年 | 860篇 |
2007年 | 745篇 |
2006年 | 702篇 |
2005年 | 566篇 |
2004年 | 472篇 |
2003年 | 412篇 |
2002年 | 314篇 |
2001年 | 211篇 |
2000年 | 199篇 |
1999年 | 193篇 |
1998年 | 151篇 |
1997年 | 126篇 |
1996年 | 96篇 |
1995年 | 95篇 |
1994年 | 109篇 |
1993年 | 64篇 |
1992年 | 81篇 |
1991年 | 77篇 |
1990年 | 42篇 |
1989年 | 46篇 |
1988年 | 32篇 |
1987年 | 31篇 |
1986年 | 27篇 |
1985年 | 33篇 |
1984年 | 17篇 |
1983年 | 12篇 |
1982年 | 11篇 |
1981年 | 13篇 |
1980年 | 9篇 |
1978年 | 10篇 |
1976年 | 10篇 |
1975年 | 11篇 |
1973年 | 8篇 |
1970年 | 7篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
41.
137Cs示踪技术研究坡耕地黑土侵蚀和沉积特征 总被引:21,自引:1,他引:20
准确地测定研究区137Cs背景值,建立137Cs流失量与土壤再分布速率之间的定量模型是137Cs示踪技术的关键。通过野外选择参照样地和利用热核爆炸源137Cs背景值模型来确定研究区137Cs的背景值,在此基础上用体现耕作迁移的质量平衡模型估算黑土坡耕地不同地貌部位的土壤再分布速率,并对主要参数进行敏感性分析。结果表明(1)研究区实测的137Cs背景值为2376.81±108.46Bq/m2,模型预测值为2318.4Bq/m2,模型预测远离西北核试验基地的地区较为准确。(2)研究区中坡位(坡肩和坡背)137Cs含量最低,侵蚀最为强烈,平均侵蚀速率为33.56t/(hm2·a)和21.67t/(hm2·a);坡麓和坡足则明显表现沉积,平均沉积速率为-4.93t/(hm2·a)和-24.61t/(hm2·a)。(3)模型预测的侵蚀速率与耕层质量深度(d)、张驰深度(H)正相关,而与137Cs年沉降易被迁移的比例(γ)和颗粒校正因子(P)反相关。并且,模型对参数d、p的敏感性分别高于参数H和γ。 相似文献
42.
【目的】以重组大肠杆菌表达的枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)L-异亮氨酸双加氧酶(L-isoleucine dioxygenase,IDO)为研究对象,考察其催化L-异亮氨酸(L-Ile)羟基化反应的影响因素,构建IDO催化合成羟基氨基酸的反应体系。【方法】通过Ni-NTA亲和层析法从重组大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)BL21/p ET28a-ido中纯化获得重组IDO,以L-Ile为底物,考察重组IDO催化羟基化反应的影响因素,并进一步针对耦联反应优化α-酮戊二酸(α-KG)在重组IDO酶促转化体系中的添加浓度。【结果】基于重组IDO催化L-Ile羟基化的活性测定,计算该酶Km为0.247 mmol/L,kcat为1.260 s-1,kcat/Km为5.101 L/(mmol·s),与其他同源酶动力学参数比较分析表明,重组IDO的底物亲和性及催化效率较高。重组IDO催化反应的最适温度为20°C、最适p H为7.0;在35°C以下较为稳定;反应体系中Fe2+最适浓度为1 mmol/L。重组IDO可催化不同L-氨基酸反应,对L-异亮氨酸、L-正亮氨酸、L-甲硫氨酸的活性较高。通过优化α-KG浓度,反应体系中添加30 mmol/Lα-KG时,可将底物浓度提高至70 mmol/L,产物4-羟基异亮氨酸(4-HIL)的摩尔产率达66.20%,表明α-KG作为反应耦联辅因子,其浓度对重组IDO催化L-Ile羟基化具有显著影响。【结论】重组IDO的底物亲和性、催化效率、最适催化条件、稳定性等基本性质有利于催化L-Ile羟基化反应。在其催化反应体系中,α-KG作为反应耦联辅因子,对酶促转化效果影响显著。研究结果为4-HIL及其他羟基氨基酸的酶促转化提供了研究基础。 相似文献
43.
44.
在小兴安岭原始林内和采伐迹地上,发现以下几种球蚜:落叶松球蚜(Adelges laricisVall.),落叶松绿球蚜(Sacchiphanles viridis Ratz.)、落叶松红瘿球蚜(S. rosegallis Liet Tsai)、冷杉球蚜(Aphrastasia pectinatae Chol.) 以及红松球蚜(Pineus cembraepinilcoreanus Zhang et Fang),它们在林内分布和大量发生,其原因除了针叶树种类和树木 相似文献
45.
Yun-Ting He Xiao-Hong Huang Yue-Yi Fang Qing-Sheng Zeng Lai-De Li Le Luo Ying-Si Lai 《PLoS neglected tropical diseases》2022,16(5)
Clonorchiasis is an important food-borne parasitic disease caused by Clonorchis sinensis infection. The evaluation of long-term cost-effectiveness of control strategies is important for disease control and prevention. The present study aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of the three recommended strategies (i.e., WHO, Chinese and Guangdong strategies) and different combinations of commonly used measures (i.e., preventive chemotherapy, information, education, and communication (IEC) and environmental improvement) on clonorchiasis. The study area, Fusha town in Guangdong Province, was a typical high endemic area in China. The analysis was based on a multi-group transmission model of C. sinensis infection. We set the intervention duration for 10 years and post-intervention period for 50 years. The corresponding costs and DALYs were estimated. Strategies with incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) less than 1/5 of the willingness-to-pay threshold were identified as highly cost-effective strategies. The optimal control strategy was obtained using the next best comparator method. The ICERs of Guangdong strategy were $172 (95% CI: $143-$230) US for praziquantel and $106 (95% CI: $85-$143) US for albendazole, suggesting the highest cost-effectiveness among the three recommended strategies. For praziquantel, 470 sets of control strategies were identified as highly cost-effective strategies for achieving infection control (prevalence<5%). The optimal strategy consisted of chemotherapy targeted on at-risk population, IEC and environmental improvement, with coverages all being 100%, and with the ICER of $202 (95% CI: $168-$271) US. The results for transmission control (prevalence<1%) and albendazole were obtained with the same procedures. The findings may help to develop control policies for C. sinensis infection in high endemic areas. Moreover, the method adopted is applicable for assessment of optimal strategies in other endemic areas. 相似文献
46.
Kaizhou Yan Mathew Stanley Bartosz Kowalski Olawale G. Raimi Andrew T. Ferenbach Pingzhen Wei Wenxia Fang Daan M.F. van Aalten 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2022,298(6)
Aspergillus fumigatus is the causative agent of invasive aspergillosis, an infection with mortality rates of up to 50%. The glucan-rich cell wall of A. fumigatus is a protective structure that is absent from human cells and is a potential target for antifungal treatments. Glucan is synthesized from the donor uridine diphosphate glucose, with the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to glucose-1-phosphate by the enzyme phosphoglucomutase (PGM) representing a key step in its biosynthesis. Here, we explore the possibility of selectively targeting A. fumigatus PGM (AfPGM) as an antifungal treatment strategy. Using a promoter replacement strategy, we constructed a conditional pgm mutant and revealed that pgm is required for A. fumigatus growth and cell wall integrity. In addition, using a fragment screen, we identified the thiol-reactive compound isothiazolone fragment of PGM as targeting a cysteine residue not conserved in the human ortholog. Furthermore, through scaffold exploration, we synthesized a para-aryl derivative (ISFP10) and demonstrated that it inhibits AfPGM with an IC50 of 2 μM and exhibits 50-fold selectivity over the human enzyme. Taken together, our data provide genetic validation of PGM as a therapeutic target and suggest new avenues for inhibiting AfPGM using covalent inhibitors that could serve as tools for chemical validation. 相似文献
47.
祁连山典型流域谷地植被斑块演变与土壤性状 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
植物群落演变与土壤性状变化之间的相互作用和过程研究对于认识生态系统结构和功能演变有着重要的意义.对祁连山谷地灌丛草甸退化演变过程中植物群落物种组成、土壤物理和化学性状特征、及土壤与植被的相互作用进行了研究,结果表明,在祁连山谷地阴坡林线以下较小的空间范围,植被斑块由金露梅群落向金露梅-马蔺群落斑块和马蔺群落斑块演变,植被盖度降低,但物种多样性增加.不同植被斑块之间土壤水分有显著的梯度变化,土壤水分的变化导致植被的退化演替.植被斑块的演变导致土壤性状的明显分异,从金露梅灌丛斑块向金露梅-马蔺群落斑块和马蔺群落斑块演变,土壤容重显著增加,土壤团聚体组成由大粒级的大团聚体(》1mm)破碎为小粒级的大团聚体(1-0.25mm)和微团聚体(《0.25mm),团聚体稳定性降低,表明土壤结构的退化;土壤有机碳含量下降了31.2%和55.9%,干筛各粒级土壤团聚体中有机碳含量金露梅-马蔺群落斑块和马蔺群落斑块显著低于金露梅斑块,土壤团聚体平均重量粒径与有机碳含量存在显著相关,植被退化演变中土壤有机碳的损失部分地由于团聚体的破碎引起;土壤全氮和有效氮不同斑块之间也有显著的差异,植被斑块退化演变使氮的有效性降低;但磷、钾养分对植被变化的响应不敏感.植被的退化演变使土壤团聚体破碎、土壤结构退化,有机碳和全氮含量下降,使其抗侵蚀能力和水源涵养功能显著降低,又进一步加速植被的退化演替.在气候变暖的趋势下,马蔺斑块将进一步向林线逼近,灌丛草甸植被将会进一步退化和萎缩. 相似文献
48.
于2000年5月~2004年12月对粤东大规模养殖区柘林湾的赤潮藻中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)种群的时空分布进行了长达5a的调查。结果表明,中肋骨条藻种群密度的周年变动模式基本为双峰型,平面分布没有显著的空间差异。调查期间,中肋骨条藻种群密度的站位实测值为0~1.4×107 cells/dm3,总均值为3.3×105 cells/dm3,占浮游植物总细胞数的67.1%,为调查海区第1优势种。在总共1045份样品中,有中肋骨条藻出现的样品数为1020份。其中,种群密度大于106 cells/dm3的样品有65份,大于107 cells/dm3则有4份。以大于106 cells/dm3为中肋骨条藻的赤潮密度标准,在调查期间至少于2000年、2003年发生4次赤潮。运用灰关联理论对中肋骨条藻种群密度与13个环境因子的关系进行排序分析发现,水温、pH值和浮游动物是影响柘林湾中肋骨条藻种群时空分布的关键因子。水温还与中肋骨条藻种群密度的对数值具极显著意义的线性关系,而达到赤潮密度的样品均落在24.5~32.0℃区间,即每年的5~9月份高温季节。由于柘林湾浮游动物的年高峰期也出现在高温季节,说明浮游动物摄食压力的存在可能是柘林湾中肋骨条藻赤潮发生的重要抑制因子。2004年调查海区中肋骨条藻种群密度和在浮游植物群落中的优势度骤然降低,可能与水体营养盐结构和Fe含量的变化有关。因此,长期调查与监测对于研究海湾生态学和赤潮发生机制是极为重要的。 相似文献
49.
Wenli Hui Zhipeng Yang Ke Fang Mengdi Wu Wenhua Mu Cong Zhao Dan Xue Tengteng Zhu Xiao Li Ming Gao Yunhua Lu Kunping Yan 《Current issues in molecular biology》2022,44(6):2683
Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS), a highly reactive substance that contains oxygen, induced by ultraviolet A (UVA) cause oxidative damage to skin. We confirmed that hemin can catalyze the reaction of tyrosine (Tyr) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Catalysis was found to effectively reduce or eliminate oxidative damage to cells induced by H2O2 or UVA. The scavenging effects of hemin for other free-radical ROS were also evaluated through pyrogallol autoxidation, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH·)-scavenging assays, and phenanthroline–Fe2+ assays. The results show that a mixture of hemin and tyrosine exhibits strong scavenging activities for H2O2, superoxide anion (O2−·), DPPH·, and the hydroxyl radical (·OH). Furthermore, the inhibition of oxidative damage to human skin keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells induced by H2O2 or UVA was evaluated. The results show that catalysis can significantly reduce the ratio of cell apoptosis and death and inhibit the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), as well as accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA). Furthermore, the resistance to apoptosis was found to be enhanced. These results show that the mixture of hemin and tyrosine has a significantly protective effect against oxidative damage to HaCaT cells caused by UVA, suggesting it as a protective agent for combating UVA damage. 相似文献
50.
Studying Early Nodulin Gene ENOD40 Expression and Induction by Nodulation Factor and Cytokinin in Transgenic Alfalfa 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:3
ENOD40, an early nodulin gene, is expressed following inoculation with Rhizobium meliloti or by adding R. meliloti-produced nodulation (Nod) factors or the plant hormone cytokinin to uninoculated roots. We isolated two MsENOD40 clones, designated MsENOD40–1 and MsENOD40–2, with distinct promoters from an alfalfa (Medicago sativa cv Chief) genomic library. The promoters were fused to the reporter gene uidA (gus), and the constructs were introduced into alfalfa. We observed that the MsENOD40–1 construct was expressed almost exclusively under symbiotic conditions. The MsENOD40–2 construct was transcribed under both symbiotic and nonsymbiotic conditions and in nonnodular and nodular tissues. Both MsENOD40 promoter-gus constructs were similarly expressed as nodules developed, and both were expressed in roots treated with 6-benzylaminopurine or purified Nod factor. However, no blue color was detected in nodule-like structures induced by the auxin transport inhibitor N-1-(naphthyl)phthalamic acid on roots of plants containing the MsENOD40–1 promoter construct, whereas pseudonodules from plants containing the MsENOD40–2 promoter construct stained blue. A 616-bp region at the distal 5′ end of the promoter is important for proper spatial expression of MsENOD40 in nodules and also for Nod-factor and cytokinin-induced expression. 相似文献