干旱区城郊种植业水足迹分析与适宜耕地规模测算——以乌鲁木齐市为例

水足迹方法能够完整、清晰地描述种植业的耗水特征。以干旱区绿洲城市乌鲁木齐市为例,运用水足迹模型分析种植业产品耗水特征,构建水足迹强度系数以探讨种植业耗水对本地水资源的影响度,进而从作物水足迹和水源类型角度建立绿洲耕地规模测度模型测算乌鲁木齐市适宜耕地规模,研究发现:①作物生长期水足迹受土壤水分胁迫和产量损减影响呈现差异化;②2005-2011年间,绿水强度系数波动剧烈,蓝水强度系数均值超出容量极限,作物生长期对蓝水资源依赖性较强,从而进一步加剧了蓝水资源的匮乏;③乌鲁木齐市合理耕地规模约为6万hm²,2005-2011年种植业实际耕地规模均处于超载状态,超载量变化呈现先降后升的特征,现状种植业发展模式对绿洲生态系统扰动不断加剧。     

Atrial fibrillation pacing decreases intravascular shear stress in a New Zealand white rabbit model: implications in endothelial function

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is characterized by multiple rapid and irregular atrial depolarization, leading to rapid ventricular responses exceeding 100 beats per minute (bpm). We hypothesized that rapid and irregular pacing reduced intravascular shear stress (ISS) with implication to modulating endothelial responses. To simulate AF, we paced the left atrial appendage of New Zealand White rabbits (n = 4) at rapid and irregular intervals. Surface electrical cardiograms were recorded for atrial and ventricular rhythm, and intravascular convective heat transfer was measured by microthermal sensors, from which ISS was inferred. Rapid and irregular pacing decreased arterial systolic and diastolic pressures (baseline, 99/75 mmHg; rapid regular pacing, 92/73; rapid irregular pacing, 90/68; p < 0.001, n = 4), temporal gradients ( ${\partial\tau/\partial t}$ from 1,275 ± 80 to 1,056 ± 180 dyne/cm² s), and reduced ISS (from baseline at 32.0 ± 2.4 to 22.7 ± 3.5 dyne/cm²). Computational fluid dynamics code demonstrated that experimentally inferred ISS provided a close approximation to the computed wall shear stress at a given catheter to vessel diameter ratio, shear stress range, and catheter position. In an in vitro flow system in which time-averaged shear stress was maintained at ${{\tau_{\rm avg}} = 23 \pm 4\, {\rm dyn}\, {\rm cm}^{-2} {\rm s}^{-1}}$ , we further demonstrated that rapid pulse rates at 150 bpm down-regulated endothelial nitric oxide, promoted superoxide (O ₂ ^.? ) production, and increased monocyte binding to endothelial cells. These findings suggest that rapid pacing reduces ISS and ${\partial\tau/\partial t}$ , and rapid pulse rates modulate endothelial responses.     

Detection and Discrimination of Tea Plant Stresses Based on Hyperspectral Imaging Technique at a Canopy Level

Tea plant stresses threaten the quality of tea seriously. The technology corresponding to the fast detection and differentiation of stresses is of great significance for plant protection in tea plantation. In recent years, hyperspectral imaging technology has shown great potential in detecting and differentiating plant diseases, pests and some other stresses at the leaf level. However, the lack of studies at canopy level hampers the detection of tea plant stresses at a larger scale. In this study, based on the canopy-level hyperspectral imaging data, the methods for identifying and differentiating the three commonly occurred tea stresses (i.e., the tea leafhopper, anthrax and sun burn) were studied. To account for the complexity of the canopy scenario, a stepwise detecting strategy was proposed that includes the process of background removal, identification of damaged areas and discrimination of stresses. Firstly, combining the successive projection algorithm (SPA) spectral analysis and K-means cluster analysis, the background and overexposed non-plant regions were removed from the image. Then, a rigorous sensitivity analysis and optimization were performed on various forms of spectral features, which yielded optimal features for detecting damaged areas (i.e., YSV, Area, GI, CARI and NBNDVI) and optimal features for stresses discrimination (i.e., MCARI, CI, LCI, RARS, TCI and VOG). Based on this information, the models for identifying damaged areas and those models for discriminating different stresses were established using K-nearest neighbor (KNN), Random Forest (RF) and Fisher discriminant analysis. The identification model achieved an accuracy over 95%, and the discrimination model achieved an accuracy over 93% for all stresses. The results suggested the feasibility of stress detection and differentiation using canopy-level hyperspectral imaging techniques, and indicated the potential for its extension over large areas.     

基于SRAP分析的梨授粉品种亲缘关系对砀山酥梨石细胞含量的影响

利用SRAP分子标记,从88对引物中筛选出34对引物组合,分析砀山酥梨母本与授粉品种之间的亲缘关系,探讨梨授粉品种亲缘关系对砀山酥梨石细胞含量的影响。结果表明:授粉品种紫酥、鸭梨和马蹄黄与砀山酥梨亲缘关系较远,授粉品种华山、幸水和圆黄与砀山酥梨亲缘关系较近;砀山酥梨自然授粉果实石细胞含量为0.61%;选用紫酥、鸭梨和马蹄黄作授粉树时,果实石细胞含量分别为0.34%、0.33%、0.36%,低于自然授粉的砀山酥梨;选用华山、幸水和圆黄作授粉树时,果实石细胞含量分别为0.84%、0.70%、0.66%,高于自然授粉的砀山酥梨。选用与砀山酥梨亲缘关系较远的梨品种作授粉树可减少砀山酥梨石细胞含量,改善口感     

L-缬氨酸产生菌的选育及其发酵培养基的优化

以黄色短杆菌(Brevibacterium flavum)NJ-237为出发菌株,通过梯度传代适应性培养及同浓度药物平板富集培养的方式,逐步提高菌体的抗药物性能,获得了1株耐高糖和耐高浓度α-氨基丁酸(-αAB)的菌株NJ-2372。在单因素实验的基础上,利用响应面分析法对影响该菌株L-缬氨酸(L-Val)产量的3个重要因素玉米浆、生物素(VH)、硫胺素(VB1)的添加量进行优化。结果表明:当玉米浆、VH、VB1最佳添加量分别为11 g/L、35μg/L和101μg/L时,摇瓶发酵72 h,L-Val摇瓶发酵产量达到52.9 g/L。     

Single-molecule nanopositioning: structural transitions of a helicase-DNA complex during ATP hydrolysis

The conformational states of Escherichia coli Rep helicase undergoing ATP hydrolysis while bound to a partial-duplex DNA (pdDNA) were studied using single-molecule FRET. Crystallographic studies showed that Rep bound to single-stranded DNA can exist in open and closed conformations that differ in the orientation of the 2B subdomain. FRET measurements between eight Rep mutants donor-labeled at different residues and pdDNA acceptor-labeled at the junction were conducted at each of the four nucleotide states. The positions of donor-labeled residues, based on crystal structure, and FRET measurements between these donor molecules and the acceptor fluorophore at the DNA junction were used to predict the most likely position for the DNA junction using a triangulation algorithm. These predicted junction positions are compared with the crystal structure to determine whether the open or closed conformation is more consistent with the FRET data. Our data revealed that there are two distinct Rep-pdDNA conformations in the ATPγS and ADP states, an unexpected finding. The primary conformation is similar to that observed in nucleotide-free and ADP.Pi states, and the secondary conformation is a novel conformation where the duplex DNA and 2B subdomain moved as a unit by 13 Å relative to the rest of the protein. The primary conformation found in all nucleotide states is consistent with the closed conformation of the crystal structure however; the secondary conformation is a new conformation that has not been observed before. We discuss the possible implications of this newly observed conformation.     

Specific inhibition of FAK signaling attenuates subchondral bone deterioration and articular cartilage degeneration during osteoarthritis pathogenesis

Osteoarthritis (OA), a disease of the entire joint, is characterized by abnormal bone remodeling and coalescent degradation of articular cartilage. We have previously found that elevated levels of H-type vessels in subchondral bone correlate with OA and that focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is critical for H-type vessel formation in osteoporosis. However, the potential role of FAK in OA remains unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that the p-FAK level was dramatically elevated in subchondral bone following anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) in rats. Specific inhibition of FAK signaling with Y15 in subchondral bone resulted in the suppression of subchondral bone deterioration and this effect was mediated by H-type vessel-induced ectopic bone formation. Further, articular cartilage degeneration was also alleviated after Y15 treatment. In vitro, the p-FAK level was significantly elevated in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from vehicle-treated ACLT rats as compared to that in MSCs from sham controls and Y15-treated ACLT rats. Elevated p-FAK level in MSCs promoted vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression, as demonstrated from the high VEGF level in the blood, subchondral bone, and conditioned medium (CM) of MSCs from vehicle-treated ACLT rats. The CM of MSCs from vehicle-treated ACLT rats might promote the angiogenesis of endothelial cells and the catabolic response of chondrocytes through the FAK-growth factor receptor-bound protein 2-mitogen-activated protein kinase-mediated expression of VEGF. The effect of the CM from MSCs of Y15-treated ACLT rats or that treated with a VEGF-neutralizing antibody on vessel formation and the catabolic response was lowered. Thus, the specific inhibition of FAK signaling may be a promising avenue for the prevention or early treatment of OA.     

The impact of cytomegalovirus infection on clinical severity and outcomes in kidney transplant recipients with Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is associated with Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs), but its impact on clinical severity and outcomes in KTRs with PJP is unknown. We reviewed 1994 medical records of KTRs from January 1997 to March 2019. PJP or CMV infection was diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction or culturing using blood or respiratory specimens. We divided patients into PJP and PJP+CMV groups, and evaluated the clinical severity and outcomes. Fifty two patients had PJP (2.6%) in the whole study cohort. Among patients with PJP, 38 (73.1%) had PJP alone and 14 (26.9%) had combined PJP and CMV co-infection. The PJP+CMV group showed worse laboratory findings (serum albumin and C-reactive protein, P = 0.010 for both) and higher requirement of continuous renal replacement therapy than the PJP group (P = 0.050). The pneumonia severity was worse in the PJP+CMV group than in the PJP group (P < 0.05), and CMV infection was a high risk factor of pneumonia severity (odds ratio 16.0; P = 0.002). The graft function was worse in the PJP+CMV group (P < 0.001), and the incidence of graft failure was higher in the PJP+CMV group than in the PJP group (85.7% vs 36.8%; P < 0.001). Mortality was double in the PJP+CMV group than in the PJP group, but not statistically significant (21.4% vs 10.5%; P = 0.370). Our results show that approximately one in four patients with PJP after kidney transplantation develops CMV with increased clinical severity and risk of graft failure. The possibility of increased clinical severity and worse clinical outcomes by CMV co-infection should be considered in KTRs with PJP.     

1980-2018年海南岛土地利用与生态系统服务价值时空变化

以海南岛为研究区,利用1980-2018年5期土地利用数据,借助ArcGIS技术,综合运用价值当量因子法、生态系统服务变化指数（Ecological Services Change Index,ESCI）、空间统计分析等方法,探究了海南岛土地利用与生态系统服务价值（Ecosystem Services Values,ESV）的时空变化特征。结果表明：（1）林地是海南岛自然生态系统的主体,占62%以上,林地面积先升高后降低;建设用地增加迅猛,特别是在2010年以后,增长率高达122.46%,其次水域增长率为20.94%。土地利用主要呈现出草地转为林地,耕地、林地转为建设用地或水域的变化特征。（2）1980-2018年海南岛ESV总体表现为先增加后降低的变化趋势,净增加51.59亿元,增长率为2.56%。其中林地ESV占比最高,达70%以上;单项ESV以水文调节、气候调节为主,两者占总ESV的50%以上。（3）在空间分布上,海南岛ESV存在着明显的中部高、四周低的空间分异特征,在时间序列上高值区进一步萎缩、低值区逐渐扩展。（4）1980-2018年海南岛5个时期的ESV及其变化在空间分布上具有显著的正向自相关性;ESV增值热点区集中分布在大广坝水库等库区、海南岛东北部水产养殖场等地,ESV损失冷点区主要出现在海口和三亚等重要城区、洋浦经济开发区以及旅游资源丰富的沿海地区。