全文获取类型
收费全文 | 11445篇 |
免费 | 992篇 |
国内免费 | 990篇 |
专业分类
13427篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 37篇 |
2023年 | 170篇 |
2022年 | 326篇 |
2021年 | 543篇 |
2020年 | 396篇 |
2019年 | 473篇 |
2018年 | 542篇 |
2017年 | 382篇 |
2016年 | 533篇 |
2015年 | 741篇 |
2014年 | 878篇 |
2013年 | 963篇 |
2012年 | 1084篇 |
2011年 | 952篇 |
2010年 | 617篇 |
2009年 | 444篇 |
2008年 | 582篇 |
2007年 | 479篇 |
2006年 | 419篇 |
2005年 | 382篇 |
2004年 | 364篇 |
2003年 | 363篇 |
2002年 | 284篇 |
2001年 | 184篇 |
2000年 | 149篇 |
1999年 | 173篇 |
1998年 | 95篇 |
1997年 | 69篇 |
1996年 | 55篇 |
1995年 | 69篇 |
1994年 | 62篇 |
1993年 | 43篇 |
1992年 | 59篇 |
1991年 | 51篇 |
1990年 | 34篇 |
1989年 | 32篇 |
1988年 | 36篇 |
1987年 | 19篇 |
1986年 | 27篇 |
1985年 | 23篇 |
1984年 | 25篇 |
1983年 | 15篇 |
1982年 | 14篇 |
1981年 | 14篇 |
1979年 | 12篇 |
1974年 | 12篇 |
1973年 | 21篇 |
1972年 | 12篇 |
1966年 | 12篇 |
1958年 | 13篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 119 毫秒
81.
Zhanyong Wang Jing Zhang Tingting Su Zhuanfei Guan Man Ji 《Preparative biochemistry & biotechnology》2013,43(3):278-286
Saccharomyces cerevisiae LN-17 was selected from 26 kinds of primary yeast strains that belong to different genera and species. The iron- and zinc-enriched capability of strain LN-17 was higher than the others. The highest iron and zinc contents of the strain were obtained when the strain grew up under the following conditions: The strain was incubated (5%, v/v) in 50 mL wort medium (pH 6.0) with 100 mg/L Fe ion and 120 mg/L Zn ion. The medium was loaded into a 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask and shaken in a rotary shaker (200 rpm) at 30°C for 60 h. Ferrous sulfate and zinc sulfate were chosen as the source of Fe and Zn. The Fe and Zn contents of the dry cells were determined by atomic absorption spectrum analysis. Under the optimized cultivation conditions, the Fe and Zn contents reached 7.854 mg/g dry cells and 4.976 mg/g dry cells. 相似文献
82.
In order to enhance the removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in the high-salinity landfill leachate, the dominant
strains were isolated from high-salinity landfill leachate. The dominant strains and bacteria consortium were screened for
COD treatment potential using an aerobic COD concentration decrease test. Ten strains, TJ01–TJ10, were isolated, of which
six strains TJ02, TJ03, TJ05, TJ06, TJ07, and TJ09 were found to have higher COD removal when the single bacteria were added,
all more than 20%. The most effective combination was TJ06 + TJ09; the COD removal efficiency reached 45.57%. 16S rDNA gene
sequence analysis revealed that TJ06 and TJ09 belonged to the genus Bacillus. The effects of the dominant bacteria consortium on the high-salinity landfill leachate varied with pH value and the volume
fraction of leachate. The COD removal efficiencies maintained higher when the pH value was 6–8 and the volume fractions of
leachate were less than 80%. The result also suggested that there is little effect on the growth of TJ06 and TJ09 when the
range of Cl− concentration is 0–30,000 mg/L. 相似文献
83.
Ji Young Hwang Kyung Min Lee Yun Hwa Kim Hye Min Shim Young Kyung Bae Jung Hye Hwang Hosun Park 《Experimental Animals》2014,63(1):63-72
Coxsackieviruses are important pathogens in children and the outcomes of neonatal
infection can be serious or fatal. However, the outcomes of coxsackievirus infection
during early gestation are not well defined. In this study, we examined the possibility of
vertical transmission of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) and the effects of CVB3 infection on
early pregnancy of ICR mice. We found that the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor
(CAR) was highly expressed not only in embryos but also in the uterus of ICR mice. CVB3
replicated in the uterus 1 to 7 days post-infection (dpi), with the highest titer at 3
dpi. The pregnancy loss rate in mice infected with CVB3 during early gestation was 38.3%,
compared to 4.7% and 2.7% in mock-infected and UV-inactivated-CVB3 infected pregnant mice,
respectively. These data suggest that the uterus and embryo, which express abundant CAR,
are important targets of CVB3 and that the vertical transmission of CVB3 during early
gestation induces pregnancy loss. 相似文献
84.
Stanislava Vondráčková Michal Hejcman Jiřina Száková Vladimíra Müllerová Pavel Tlustoš 《Plant and Soil》2014,379(1-2):231-245
Background and aims
The ionome (elemental composition) of grassland species has rarely been studied at the level of individual organs and little is known about effects of soil chemical properties on the ionome. Using the model oxalate plant Rumex obtusifolius, we asked how its biomass production and the distribution of elements between its organs is affected by soil chemical properties.Methods
We established a pot experiment with R. obtusifolius planted in acidic non-contaminated control and in slightly acidic and alkaline soils anthropogenically contaminated by the risk elements As, Cd, Pb, and Zn. Both contaminated soils were untreated and treated by lime and superphosphate. We determined biomass production and the concentrations of elements in its organs.Results
Biomass production was negatively related to the mobility of micro- and risk elements. Restricted transport of micro- and risk elements from belowground organs into leaves was recorded in untreated contaminated soils. In both lime-treated soils and in superphosphate-treated alkaline soil, elevated transport of micro- and risk elements from belowground organs into leaves was recorded in comparison to untreated contaminated soils. The lowest concentrations of micro- and risk elements were recorded in stems and seeds, followed by belowground organs and leaves.Conclusions
R. obtusifolius is an As-, Cd-, Pb-, and Zn-excluder and is sensitive to high availability of micro- and risk elements in the soil. Soil chemical properties affect the distribution of essential elements within the plant greatly. 相似文献85.
Chemokine-like factor 1 (CKLF1) is a cytokine with chemotactic effects on leukocytes and a functional ligand of CCR4. This cytokine is widely expressed and the level of expression is reported to be upregulated in asthma and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), disease conditions in which T lymphocytes are over-activated. In order to determine the expression profile of CKLF1 in activated T lymphocytes, we first employed a PCR-based method on human blood fractions cDNA panels and found that CKLF1 was upregulated in activated CD4+ and CD8+ cells, with no obvious changes in CD19+ cells. We further performed kinetic analyses of CKLF1 expression in phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) at both the mRNA and protein levels. In resting PBL, the constitutive expression of CKLF1 was low at mRNA level and barely detectable at the protein level; however, both were remarkably upregulated by PHA, appearing at 8h after PHA-stimulation and persisting up to 72h. These results suggest that CKLF1 may be involved in T lymphocyte activation and further study of CKLF1 function will prove valuable. 相似文献
86.
Yoo SJ 《Molecules and cells》2005,20(3):446-451
Diap1 is an essential Drosophila cell death regulator that binds to caspases and inhibits their activity. Reaper, Grim and Hid each antagonize Diap1 by binding to its BIR domain, activating the caspases and eventually causing cell death. Reaper and Hid induce cell death in a Ring-dependent manner by stimulating Diap1 auto-ubiquitination and degradation. It was not clear that how Grim causes the ubiquitination and degradation of Diap1 in Grim-dependent cell death. We found that Grim stimulates poly-ubiquitination of Diap1 in the presence of UbcD1 and that it binds to UbcD1 in a GST pull-down assay, so presumably promoting Diap1 degradation. The possibility that dBruce is another E2 interacting with Diap1 was examined. The UBC domain of dBruce slightly stimulated poly-ubiquitination of Diap1 in Drosophila extracts but not in the reconstitution assay. However Grim did not stimulate Diap1 poly-ubiquitination in the presence of the UBC domain of dBruce. Taken together, these results suggest that Grim stimulates the poly-ubiquitination and presumably degradation of Diap1 in a novel way by binding to UbcD1 but not to the UBC domain of dBruce as an E2. 相似文献
87.
Zhifei Li Clement Bommier Zhi Sen Chong Zelang Jian Todd Wesley Surta Xingfeng Wang Zhenyu Xing Joerg C. Neuefeind William F. Stickle Michelle Dolgos P. Alex Greaney Xiulei Ji 《Liver Transplantation》2017,7(18)
Hard carbon is the leading candidate anode for commercialization of Na‐ion batteries. Hard carbon has a unique local atomic structure, which is composed of nanodomains of layered rumpled sheets that have short‐range local order resembling graphene within each layer, but complete disorder along the c‐axis between layers. A primary challenge holding back the development of Na‐ion batteries is that a complete understanding of the structure–capacity correlations of Na‐ion storage in hard carbon has remained elusive. This article presents two key discoveries: first, the characteristics of hard carbons structure can be modified systematically by heteroatom doping, and second, that these structural changes greatly affect Na‐ion storage properties, which reveals the mechanisms for Na storage in hard carbon. Specifically, via P or S doping, the interlayer spacing is dilated, which extends the low‐voltage plateau capacity, while increasing the defect concentrations with P or B doping leads to higher sloping sodiation capacity. The combined experimental studies and first principles calculations reveal that it is the Na‐ion‐defect binding that corresponds to the sloping capacity, while the Na intercalation between graphenic layers causes the low‐potential plateau capacity. The understanding suggests a new design principle of hard carbon anode: more reversibly binding defects and dilated turbostratic domains, given that the specific surface area is maintained low. 相似文献
88.
Methylglyoxal‐induced apoptosis is dependent on the suppression of c‐FLIPL expression via down‐regulation of p65 in endothelial cells 下载免费PDF全文
89.
Irina Vaseva Dessislava Todorova Jiří Malbeck Alena Trávníčková Ivana Macháčková 《Acta Physiologiae Plantarum》2008,30(2):151-155
Changes in cytokinin pool and cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase activity (CKX EC: 1.5.99.12) in response to increasing abscisic
acid (ABA) concentrations (0.5–10 μM) were assessed in the last fully expanded leaves and secondary roots of two pea (Pisum sativum) varieties with different vegetation periods. Certain organ diversity in CKX response to exogenous ABA was observed. Treatment
provoked altered cytokinin pool in the aboveground parts of both studied cultivars. Specific CKX activity was influenced significantly
basically in roots of the treated plants. Results suggest that ABA-mediated cytokinin pool changes are leaf-specific and involve
certain root signals in which CKX activity presents an important link. This enzymatic activity most probably regulates vascular
transport of active cytokinins from roots to shoots. 相似文献
90.
Yu Q Ji R Gao X Fu J Guo W Song X Zhao X Burnstock G Shi X He C Xiang Z 《Cell and tissue research》2011,344(2):227-237
Single- and double-immunostaining techniques were used systematically to study the distribution pattern and neurochemical density of oxytocin-immunoreactive (-ir) neurons in the digestive tract of the guinea pig. Oxytocin immunoreactivity was distributed widely in the guinea pig gastrointestinal tract; 3%, 13%, 17%, 15%, and 10% of ganglion neurons were immunoreactive for oxytocin in the myenteric plexuses of the gastric corpus, jejunum, ileum, proximal colon, and distal colon, respectively, and 36%, 40%, 52%, and 56% of ganglion neurons were immunoreactive for oxytocin in the submucosal plexuses of the jejunum, ileum, proximal colon, and distal colon, respectively. In the myenteric plexus, oxytocin was expressed exclusively in the intrinsic enteric afferent neurons, as identified by calbindin 28 K. In the submucosal plexuses, oxytocin was expressed in non-cholinergic secretomotor neurons, as identified by vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. Oxytocin-ir nerve fibers in the inner circular muscle layer possibly arose from the myenteric oxytocin-ir neurons, and oxytocin-ir nerve fibers in the mucosa possibly arose from both the myenteric and submucosal oxytocin-ir neurons. Thus, oxytocin in the digestive tract might be involved in gastrointestinal tract motility mainly via the regulation of the inner circular muscle and the balance of the absorption and secretion of water and electrolytes. 相似文献