荒漠杜加依林冠层水热变化及CO2交换特征

选取新疆艾比湖湿地国家级自然保护区荒漠杜加依林为研究对象,利用通量塔连续观测数据分析新疆艾比湖流域内杜加依林冠层界面水热垂直变化和CO_2交换特征,进一步比较了冠层界面湍流碳通量、植物冠层储存碳通量及净碳交换量,探讨了不同时间和垂直空间序列下杜加依林冠层界面温湿廓线与CO_2交换过程的相互关系。结果表明,新疆艾比湖流域内杜加依林冠层上方大气稳定度生长季的6—9月为中性(z/L=0.009),非生长季为不稳定(z/L=-0.449),全年总体呈不稳定水平(z/L=-0.194);冠层界面上气温垂直变幅小于5℃,随高度呈递增趋势,湿度垂直变幅超过40%;地-气碳通量呈秋冬小春夏大规律,年碳收支高于干旱区平均水平,为-0.026 mg CO_2m~(-2)s~(-1),表现为碳汇;垂直空间尺度上垂直温湿度差与生态系统净碳交换量(NEE,Net Ecosystem Exchange)拟合较好,温度拟合结果为R~2=0.7350(P﹤0.01),湿度拟合结果为R~2=0.3627(P﹤0.01),水热变点分别为5%和1℃,而季节尺度上温度拟合结果较好,温度拟合结果为R~2=0. 5221(P﹤0. 01),湿度拟合结果为R~2=0.1716(P﹤0.01),变点为55%和18℃。生长季较小的冠层垂直温差有利于杜加依林对大气CO_2的吸收,而冠层高湿环境则会抑制杜加依林对CO_2的吸收。     

葛藤覆被下干热河谷冲沟沟岸土壤水热变化特征

干热河谷冲沟沟岸裸露、陡立、土壤水热变化剧烈,导致植被恢复极端困难。通过野外调查和定位监测,在葛藤覆被沟岸,根据藤本生物量设置4个处理(T1:309.70g/m~2鲜藤覆被地块,T2、T3、T4:594.34、1103.43、1693.27g/m~2枯藤覆被地块),并选取裸露地块作为对照CK,研究了葛藤不同覆被状况对沟岸土壤水分和温度在单次降雨过程变化的影响。结果表明:相比裸露沟岸而言,1)鲜藤覆被沟岸土壤含水率仅为8.68%,较裸露沟岸还降低了4.47%;枯藤覆被沟岸土壤含水率则相对增加,T2—T4土壤含水率分别为14.91%、16.75%、19.44%,较裸露沟岸增加了1.76%、3.6%、6.29%。2)鲜藤覆被可明显增加土壤水分活跃层深度、变化幅度和变异程度,枯藤覆被下土壤水分活跃层深度、变化幅度和变异程度则相对减小。3)随鲜、枯藤覆被量增加,水分补给过程中土壤含水率的增加量增大,同时水分衰减过程中土壤含水率的散失量减小;增加枯藤覆被量后,沟岸表层土壤含水率变化率的波形逐渐平缓、波动依次减小、波长稳步增大。4)随鲜、枯藤覆被量的增加,沟岸表层土壤温度波动逐渐减小。研究成果对干热河谷冲沟沟岸生境改良与植被恢复具有重要的指导意义。     

基于结构方程模型分析荒漠啮齿动物优势种对不同放牧干扰的响应

放牧被认为是草地生态系统的主要干扰之一。许多研究表明,放牧影响了啮齿动物的个体条件、繁殖、种群动态、群落组成及群落多样性等多个方面。由于受传统统计学方法的限制,这些研究只是单独的对放牧作用进行假设检验,而没有将多个假设放在同一个框架内进行验证。2006—2011年,采用标志重捕法对内蒙古阿拉善荒漠区不同放牧生境中啮齿动物优势种的数量进行研究并使用结构方程建模的方法将可能影响荒漠啮齿动物优势种的环境因子(气候条件、土壤硬度、植物隐蔽、植物生物量等19个指标)与啮齿动物优势种种群动态结合后进行多假设检验,旨在找出不同放牧干扰下制约优势啮齿动物环境因子的发生途径。结果表明:气候条件对五趾跳鼠和三趾跳鼠有直接不利影响,隐蔽对于两足活动的五趾跳鼠有负效应,而对四足活动的子午沙鼠有正效应。植物生物量对五趾跳鼠有正效应,但对子午沙鼠有负效应。土壤硬度的增加间接的有利于五趾跳鼠,对子午沙鼠有直接的正效应。因此荒漠啮齿动物优势种种群动态是多个过程共同作用的结果,气候条件是驱动啮齿动物种群动态的根本原因,而放牧会因为改变植物隐蔽而影响啮齿动物在群落中的组成。     

三江源国家公园执法体制改革经验及其可复制性

执法是实现依法行政的最终环节,是国家公园管理机构实现管理目标的重要工具,统一执法是我国国家公园管理体制改革中“统一”的重要方面.《建立国家公园体制总体方案》(以下简称《总体方案》)明确,国家公园体制建设需要坚持将“山水林田湖草作为一个生命共同体,统筹考虑保护与利用”.国家公园管理机构要实现对山水林田湖草这一生命共同体的...     

Association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and COVID-19 severity: a prospective cohort study

Background:The tremendous global health burden related to COVID-19 means that identifying determinants of COVID-19 severity is important for prevention and intervention. We aimed to explore long-term exposure to ambient air pollution as a potential contributor to COVID-19 severity, given its known impact on the respiratory system.Methods:We used a cohort of all people with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, aged 20 years and older and not residing in a long-term care facility in Ontario, Canada, during 2020. We evaluated the association between long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM_2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and ground-level ozone (O₃), and risk of COVID-19-related hospital admission, intensive care unit (ICU) admission and death. We ascertained individuals’ long-term exposures to each air pollutant based on their residence from 2015 to 2019. We used logistic regression and adjusted for confounders and selection bias using various individual and contextual covariates obtained through data linkage.Results:Among the 151 105 people with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in Ontario in 2020, we observed 8630 hospital admissions, 1912 ICU admissions and 2137 deaths related to COVID-19. For each interquartile range increase in exposure to PM_2.5 (1.70 μg/m³), we estimated odds ratios of 1.06 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01–1.12), 1.09 (95% CI 0.98–1.21) and 1.00 (95% CI 0.90–1.11) for hospital admission, ICU admission and death, respectively. Estimates were smaller for NO₂. We also estimated odds ratios of 1.15 (95% CI 1.06–1.23), 1.30 (95% CI 1.12–1.50) and 1.18 (95% CI 1.02–1.36) per interquartile range increase of 5.14 ppb in O₃ for hospital admission, ICU admission and death, respectively.Interpretation:Chronic exposure to air pollution may contribute to severe outcomes after SARS-CoV-2 infection, particularly exposure to O₃.

By November 2021, COVID-19 had caused more than 5 million deaths globally¹ and more than 29 400 in Canada.² The clinical manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection range from being asymptomatic to multiple organ failure and death. Identifying risk factors for COVID-19 severity is important to better understand etiological mechanisms and identify populations to prioritize for screening, vaccination and medical treatment. Risk factors for severity of COVID-19 include male sex, older age, pre-existing medical conditions and being from racialized communities.^3–5 More recently, ambient air pollution has been implicated as a potential driver of COVID-19 severity.^6–10Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution, a major contributor to global disease burden,¹¹ could increase the risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes by several mechanisms. Air pollutants can reduce individuals’ pulmonary immune responses and antimicrobial activities, boosting viral loads.⁸ Air pollution can also induce chronic inflammation and overexpression of the alveolar angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE) receptor,⁷ the key receptor that facilitates SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells.^12,13 Exposure to air pollution contributes to chronic conditions, such as cardiovascular disease, that are associated with unfavourable COVID-19 prognosis, possibly owing to persistent immune activation and excessive amplification of cytokine development.¹⁰ Thus, greater exposure to long-term air pollution may lead to severe COVID-19 outcomes.Reports exist of positive associations between long-term exposure to particulate matter with diameters equal to or smaller than 2.5 or 10 μm (PM_2.5 and PM₁₀), ground-level ozone (O₃) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), and metrics of COVID-19 severity (e.g., mortality and case fatality rate).^8–10 However, most studies to date have used ecological and cross-sectional designs, owing to limited access to individual data, which leads to ambiguity in interpreting the results, thus hindering their influence on policy. ^6,14 Ecological designs do not allow for disentangling the relative impacts of air pollution on individual susceptibility to infection and disease severity.¹⁴ Residual confounding by factors such as population mobility and social interactions is also problematic. Therefore, a cohort study with data on individuals with SARS-CoV-2 is a more appropriate design.^6,14 Studies that have used individual data were conducted in specific subpopulations^15,16 or populations with few severe cases,¹⁷ or had limited data on individual exposure to air pollutants.¹⁸ In Canada, 1 ecological study found a positive association between long-term exposure to PM_2.5 and COVID-19 incidence,¹⁹ but no published study has explored the association between air pollution and COVID-19 severity.We aimed to examine the associations between long-term exposure to 3 common air pollutants (PM_2.5, NO₂ and O₃) and key indicators of COVID-19 severity, including hospital admission, intensive care unit (ICU) admission and death, using a large prospective cohort of people with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in Ontario, Canada, in 2020. The air contaminants PM_2.5, NO₂ and O₃ are regularly monitored by the Canadian government, and are key pollutants that are considered when setting air-quality policies. They originate from varying sources (NO₂ is primarily emitted during combustion of fuel, O₃ is primarily formed in air by chemical reactions of nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds, and PM_2.5 can be emitted during combustion or formed by reactions of chemicals like sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides in air) and they may affect human health differently.^20,21,22     

干旱胁迫对银杏叶片光合系统Ⅱ荧光特性的影响

为了探讨银杏叶片在长期干旱胁迫下光合性能的变化,采用盆栽控水法对银杏幼苗进行干旱处理,并分别在处理后第0、20、30、40、50天,对荧光动力学曲线和荧光参数进行了测定和JIP-test分析.结果表明:随着干旱的加剧,叶片叶绿素含量逐渐递减.由于干旱导致银杏叶片的光合系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)结构破坏和稳固性减弱,其荧光动力学曲线出现了K相和L相的升高,在干旱处理40 d后升高加剧.PSⅡ结构的变化导致了一系列荧光参数的变化,初始荧光F0逐渐升高,最大荧光Fm逐渐降低;代表单位反应中心活性的参数ABS/RC、ET0/RC、TR0/RC逐渐升高;单位面积捕获的光能TR0/CS0高于对照,单位面积用于电子传递的光能ET0/ CS0后期下降;表示受体侧电子传递活性的参数Sm、Ψ0、(φ)E0逐渐下降,M0、VJ、VI逐渐升高;表示热耗散的参数DI0/RC、DI0/CS0随干旱时间延长而急剧升高;活性反应中心数目RC/CS0减少;代表PSⅡ光合效率的参数Fv/Fm、PIabs逐渐下降;代表PSⅡ供体侧活性的参数Wk随干旱时间延长而逐渐升高,OEC逐渐减少.干旱胁迫导致银杏叶片PSⅡ反应中心失活,能流分配失衡,电子传递受阻,PSⅡ放氧复合体失活和PSⅡ稳固性减弱,从而破坏PSⅡ光合功能.而反应中心失活和受体侧电子QA-的累积是造成PSⅡ电子传递活性减弱的主要原因.干旱条件下,银杏PSⅡ的PIabs比Fv/Fm对干旱的反应更灵敏,可作为银杏叶片受到伤害的指标.     

新疆苦豆子根瘤菌的数值分类研究

苦豆子(Sophora alopecuroides)对于干旱荒漠地区的畜牧业发展有着非常重要的意义,其生长特性与根瘤菌有密切关系。我们对分离自新疆苦豆子根瘤的67株根瘤菌及36个模式菌株进行了118项表型性状的测定,包括唯一碳源利用、唯一氮源利用、对抗生素和染料的抗性、耐盐性、初始pH值生长范围、生长温度范围及石蕊牛奶反应、氧化酶、过氧化氢酶和脲酶。对测定结果用聚类分析方法进行了分析,获得数值分类树状图。结果表明：新疆苦豆子根瘤菌在碳氮源利用、抗生素敏感性以及对染料的抗性程度等方面存在着差异。新疆苦豆子根瘤菌能耐受低温,并具有较强的耐盐、碱能力,所有供试菌株均能在初始pH值为9－12的YMA培养基上生长,92.5％的菌株能耐受3.0％的NaCl,91.0％的菌株能耐受4.0％的NaCl,有18株菌甚至能耐受5.0％和6.0％的NaCl。聚类结果表明, 在84.8%的相似性水平上,67个供试菌株构成了4个新的表观群,第Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ类群分别有21、7、4、3个菌株,中心菌株分别为NWBC152、NWTKX101、NWYJS12、NWLP112。此外,数值分类结果还表明,苦豆子根瘤菌与模式菌株的相似性较低,它们所形成的4个独立群可能有新种出现。     

科尔沁沙地盐蒿种群的空间分布格局及关联性

以科尔沁沙地半固定沙丘和流动沙丘两种不同沙丘上的盐蒿(Artemisia halodendron)种群为研究对象,采用空间点格局方法研究了 0～20 m尺度上盐蒿种群的空间分布格局及其关联性.结果表明,半固定沙丘上盐蒿种群的数量远大于流动沙丘,不同生长发育阶段的种群结构呈偏正态分布,属于稳定型种群;流动沙丘上不同生长发...     

香溪河河流连续统特征研究

以香溪河附石藻类密度、藻类叶绿素a浓度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数及生态系统初级生产力随河流级别的变化为例探索该河流的连续统特征。结果表明,附石藻类密度、藻类叶绿素a浓度和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数总体上都有随着河流级别增加而增加的趋势,但在1～3级河段之间这种趋势并不明显,甚至出现了逆转。河流初级生产力也有随河流级别增加而增加的趋势,并在第4级河流达到最大,随后有所下降。在全水系范围内河流初级生产力(P)与群落呼吸(R)比值P／R均大于1,说明香溪河是一条以自养生产为主的河流。所研究的特征并不完全与连续统概念的预测相一致,表明河流已经受到了一定程度的人为干扰。     

整合素BmIntegrin β2的结构分析及其对家蚕血细胞的调控作用

整合素是一类广泛分布于细胞表面的黏附分子受体,是由α和β两个亚基组成的异源二聚体跨膜蛋白,其是细胞内外信号转导的中间桥梁。在鳞翅目昆虫细胞内,整合素主要表达于血细胞,参与昆虫细胞免疫反应进程。文中首先通过RACE技术等,克隆获得BmIntegrin β2基因cDNA全长序列2 434 bp;并对其蛋白结构域进行了预测,主要包括信号肽、一段较大的胞外域,单次跨膜结构和较短的胞内域;利用qRT-PCR技术检测了家蚕4龄3天和5龄3天的BmIntegrin β2各组织表达图谱,结果显示其主要在血细胞和造血器官中高表达;然后再经原核诱导表达、蛋白纯化及免疫动物后获得BmIntegrin β2抗体。通过对BmIntegrin β2蛋白功能作用的研究发现,BmIntegrin β2抗体可显著地减少浆细胞的数量,这从侧面说明BmIntegrin β2抗体可能抑制了浆细胞的延伸性和粘附能力。该结果不仅为BmIntegrin β2参与家蚕细胞的免疫反应奠定了基础,还提供了一个新的研究视野。