中国海洋生态保护制度的转型发展--从海洋保护区走向海洋生态红线区

海洋生态环境的持续恶化与生态学认知的提高使海洋生态红线区管理制度成为必然。总结了中国海洋保护区现状与存在问题;分析了发展海洋生态红线的必要性、区划原则、概念及组成体系;提出海洋保护区与海洋生态红线区可分别籍空间统一性、决策统一性、工作内容与管理要求的一致性相关联,海洋保护区的核心、关键和重要因素与海洋生态红线的范围划定、宏观应对策略制定、微观管理规定一一对应。对海洋保护区管理向海洋生态红线区划与管理的转变给出了若干建议,认为海洋生态红线区划指标体系可以参照海洋保护区绩效评估、保护区选划与评估指标;并从海洋生态红线的尺度,陆海统筹的生态系统格局-结构\过程-机理,复杂生态系统与海洋生态红线的结合,海洋生态红线基点观测等方面对海洋生态红线的研究和工作方向进行了展望。     

微生态制剂联合莫西沙星序贯疗法对老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并下呼吸道感染患者肠道菌群及免疫功能的影响

目的 探究微生态制剂联合莫西沙星序贯疗法对老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并下呼吸道感染患者肠道菌群及免疫功能的影响。 方法 选取2016年2月到2019年2月我院收治的98例老年COPD合并下呼吸道感染患者为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组各49例。对照组患者采用莫西沙星序贯法进行治疗。观察组患者采用微生态制剂联合莫西沙星治疗。检测两组患者下呼吸道感染病原菌及肠道微生物变化,T淋巴细胞亚群(CD4+细胞,CD8+细胞,CD4+/CD8+)水平,并评价患者临床效果和并发症情况。 结果 治疗后两组患者CAT评分(8.23±3.64、10.41±4.08)和mMRC评分(1.35±0.82、1.77±0.61)均低于治疗前(23.01±4.47、22.87±5.26、2.79±0.54、3.04±0.74),且观察组下降幅度大于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(均P0.05)。治疗后两组患者肠道双歧杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、粪肠球菌数量均高于治疗前,大肠埃希菌数量均低于治疗前,且观察组改善情况优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(均P+细胞、CD4+/CD8+均高于治疗前,且观察组高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(均P+细胞数量治疗前后及组间比较差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。治疗后观察组患者腹胀(18.4%)、胃潴留(20.4%)发生率均低于对照组(36.7%、38.8%),差异有统计学意义(均P0.05)。 结论 微生态制剂联合莫西沙星序贯疗法治疗老年COPD合并下呼吸道感染能促进患者肠道微生态平衡,调节免疫功能,进而改善患者病情。     

circ_SEPT9, a newly identified circular RNA,promotes oral squamous cell carcinoma progression through miR‐1225/PKN2 axis

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) represent a newly discovered class of endogenous non‐coding RNAs which are widely expressed and play important roles in disease progression. However, the function of circRNAs in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) still remains largely unknown. In this research, we found that circ_SEPT9 was highly expressed in OSCC cell lines and tumour tissues. Results showed that circ_SEPT9 promoted OSCC proliferation and tumour growth. And, circ_SEPT9 also enhanced the migration and invasion of OSCC cells. Mechanically, we found that circ_SEPT9 acted as a sponge for miR‐1225 to rescue PKN2 expression in OSCC cells. Inhibition of circ_SEPT9/miR‐1225/PKN2 pathway could effectively block the proliferation and metastasis of OSCC cells. Our study provides strong evidence that circ_SEPT9/miR‐1225/PKN2 axis is a promising target for OSCC treatment.     

Prevalence of Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance and Aminoglycoside Resistance Determinants among Carbapeneme Non-Susceptible Enterobacter cloacae

Background

Simultaneous resistance to aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones in carbapeneme non-susceptible (CNS) isolates will inevitably create problems. The present study was performed to characterize the prevalence of the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants (QRDs) and aminoglycoside resistance determinants (ARDs) among the CNS Enterobacter cloacae (E. cloacae) isolates in a Chinese teaching hospital, and to acquire their molecular epidemiological characteristics.

Methods

The β-lactamases genes (including class A carbapenemase genes bla_KPC and bla_SME, metallo-β-lactamase genes (MBLs) bla_IMP, bla_VIM and bla_NDM, and extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs),bla_CTX-M, bla_TEM and bla_SHV), QRDs (including qnrA, qnrB, qnrS and aac(6′)-Ib-cr) and ARDs (including aac(6′)-Ib, armA and rmtB) of these 35 isolates were determined by PCR and sequenced bidirectionally. The clonal relatedness was investigated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE).

Results

Of the 35 isolates, 9 (25.7%) harbored a carbapenemase gene; 23 (65.7%) carried ESBLs; 24 (68.6%) were QRD positive; and 27 (77.1%) were ARD positive. Among the 5 bla_IMP-8 positive strains, 4 (80%) contained both ESBL and QRD genes, and all the 5 (100%) harbored ARD genes. Of the 23 ESBLs positive isolates, 6 (26.1%) were carbapenemase positive, 14 (60.9%) were QRD positive, and 18 (78.3%) were ARD positive. PFGE revealed genetic diversity among the 35 isolates, indicating that the high prevalence of CNS E. cloacae isolates was not caused by clonal dissemination.

Conclusion

QRD and ARD genes were highly prevalent among the CNS E. cloacae isolates. Multiple resistant genes were co-expressed in the same isolates. The CNS E. cloacae isolate co-expressing bla_NDM-1, bla_IMP-26, qnrA1 and qnrS1 was first reported.     

Two Novel Mutations in Myosin Binding Protein C Slow Causing Distal Arthrogryposis Type 2 in Two Large Han Chinese Families May Suggest Important Functional Role of Immunoglobulin Domain C2

Distal arthrogryposes (DAs) are a group of disorders that mainly involve the distal parts of the limbs and at least ten different DAs have been described to date. DAs are mostly described as autosomal dominant disorders with variable expressivity and incomplete penetrance, but recently autosomal recessive pattern was reported in distal arthrogryposis type 5D. Mutations in the contractile genes are found in about 50% of all DA patients. Of these genes, mutations in the gene encoding myosin binding protein C slow MYBPC1 were recently identified in two families with distal arthrogryposis type 1B. Here, we described two large Chinese families with autosomal dominant distal arthrogryposis type 2(DA2) with incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity. Some unique overextension contractures of the lower limbs and some distinctive facial features were present in our DA2 pedigrees. We performed follow-up DNA sequencing after linkage mapping and first identified two novel MYBPC1 mutations (c.1075G>A [p.E359K] and c.956C>T [p.P319L]) responsible for these Chinese DA2 families of which one introduced by germline mosacism. Each mutation was found to cosegregate with the DA2 phenotype in each family but not in population controls. Both substitutions occur within C2 immunoglobulin domain, which together with C1 and the M motif constitute the binding site for the S2 subfragment of myosin. Our results expand the phenotypic spectrum of MYBPC1-related arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC). We also proposed the possible molecular mechanisms that may underlie the pathogenesis of DA2 myopathy associated with these two substitutions in MYBPC1.     

马尾松人工林Sloboda多形地位指数模型的研究

将德国生物统计学家Sloboda B的树高生长模型应用于马尾松人工林优势高生长模型模拟中。结果表明,用Sloboda树高生长方程拟合马尾松人工林多形地位指数曲线能获得良好效果,且优于Richards多形地位指数曲线。     

Ca2+ activation of RyR1 is not necessary for the initiation of skeletal-type excitation-contraction coupling

Although an elevation in myoplasmic Ca2+ can activate the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor (RyR1), the function of this Ca2+ activation is unclear because extracellular Ca2+ influx is unnecessary for skeletal-type EC coupling. To determine whether Ca2+ activation of RyR1 is necessary for the initiation of skeletal-type EC coupling, we examined the behavior of RyR1 with glutamate 4032 mutated to alanine (E4032A-RyR1) because this mutation had been shown to dramatically reduce activation by Ca2+. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 98:2865-2870). Analysis after reconstitution into planar lipid bilayers revealed that E4032A-RyR1 was negligibly activated by 100 microM Ca2+ (P(o) too low to be measured). Even in the presence of both 2 mM caffeine and 2 mM ATP, P(o) remained low for E4032A-RyR1 (ranging from <0.0001 in 100 microM free Ca2+ to 0.005 in 2 mM free Ca2+). Thus, the E4032A mutation caused a nearly complete suppression of activation of RyR1 by Ca2+. Depolarization of E4032A-RyR1-expressing myotubes elicited L-type Ca2+ currents of approximately normal size and myoplasmic Ca2+ transients that were skeletal-type, but about fivefold smaller than those for wild-type RyR1. The reduced amplitude of the Ca2+ transient is consistent either with the possibility that Ca2+ activation amplifies Ca2+ release during EC coupling, or that the E4032A mutation generally inhibits activation of RyR1. In either case, Ca2+ activation of RyR1 does not appear to be necessary for the initiation of Ca2+ release during EC coupling in skeletal muscle.     

Ubiquitin-fused and/or multiple early genes from cottontail rabbit papillomavirus as DNA vaccines

Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines have the potential to prevent cervical cancer by preventing HPV infection or treating premalignant disease. We previously showed that DNA vaccination with the cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) E6 gene induced partial protection against CRPV challenge and that the vaccine's effects were greatly enhanced by priming with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). In the present study, two additional strategies for augmenting the clinical efficacy of CRPV E6 vaccination were evaluated. The first was to fuse a ubiquitin monomer to the CRPV E6 protein to enhance antigen processing and presentation through the major histocompatibility complex class I pathway. Rabbits vaccinated with the wild-type E6 gene plus GM-CSF or with the ubiquitin-fused E6 gene formed significantly fewer papillomas than the controls. The papillomas also required a longer time to appear and grew more slowly. Finally, a significant proportion of the papillomas subsequently regressed. The ubiquitin-fused E6 vaccine was significantly more effective than the wild-type E6 vaccine plus GM-CSF priming. The second strategy was to vaccinate with multiple CRPV early genes to increase the breadth of the CRPV-specific response. DNA vaccines encoding the wild-type CRPV E1-E2, E6, or E7 protein were tested alone and in all possible combinations. All vaccines and combinations suppressed papilloma formation, slowed papilloma growth, and stimulated subsequent papilloma regression. Finally, the two strategies were merged and a combination DNA vaccine containing ubiquitin-fused versions of the CRPV E1, E2, and E7 genes was tested. This last vaccine prevented papilloma formation at all challenge sites in all rabbits, demonstrating complete protection.     

Biology and life history of Dabry's sturgeon, Acipenser dabryanus, in the Yangtze River

Dabry's sturgeon, Acipenser dabryanus, is a relatively small (130 cm, 16 kg) and now rare sturgeon restricted to the Yangtze River Basin. It behaves as a resident freshwater fish, does not undertake long distance migrations (except for spawning), and lives in a variety of habitats. It historically spawned in the upper Yangtze River, but the spawning sites are unknown. Acipenser dabryanus reaches maturity earlier than do other Chinese sturgeons, which gives the species aquaculture potential, and artificial spawning has been carried out. However, the native population in the Yangtze has sharply declined in the last two decades due to overfishing, pollution and habitat alteration and destruction, especially since the construction of the Gezhouba Dam, which was built in 1981 across the Yangtze River at Yichang, Hubei Province. Since 1981, Dabry's sturgeon rarely occurs below the Gezhouba Dam because downstream movements are blocked. Clearly, conservation of Dabry's sturgeon must be emphasized. Conservation methods may include protecting habitats, controlling capture and stock replenishment.