Bacterial Diversity and Community Structure in the Pine Wood Nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and B. mucronatus with Different Virulence by High-Throughput Sequencing of the 16S rDNA

Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is the pathogen of pine wilt disease. Bursaphelenchus mucronatus is similar to B. xylophilus in morphology. Both species share a common niche, but they are quite different in pathogenicity. Presently, the role of bacteria in pine wilt disease development has been widely speculated. The diversity of bacteria associated with B. xylophilus and B. mucronatus with different virulence remains unclear. In this study, virulence of four B. xylophilus and four B. mucronatus strains were evaluated by inoculating Pinus thunbergii. High-throughput sequencing targeted 16S rDNA of different virulence nematode strains was carried out. The associated bacterial community structures of the eight strains were analyzed. The results showed that 634,051 high-quality sequences were obtained from the eight nematode strains. The number of OTUs of bacteria associated with B. mucronatus was generally greater than those of B. xylophilus. The richness of the community of bacteria associated with high virulent B. xylophilus ZL1 and AmA3 was higher than moderately virulent B. xylophilus AA3, HE2, and all B. mucronatus strains. While the diversity of bacteria associated with B. mucronatus was higher than B. xylophilus. Stenotrophomonas, Pseudomonadaceae_Unclassified or Rhizobiaceae_Unclassified were predominant in the nematode strains with different virulence. Oxalobacteraceae and Achromobacter were found more abundant in the low virulent B. xylophilus and non-virulent B. mucronatus strains.     

后河保护区柳杉林中黏菌群落组成

柳杉是中国特有树种,对于广泛分布于森林生态系统的黏菌而言,单纯的柳杉林是一种特殊的生境。为探索柳杉林中黏菌的物种多样性,本研究在武陵山区东北部的湖北省后河国家级自然保护区柳杉林样地中采集柳杉树皮和凋落物,在120个培养湿室中,发生黏菌的湿室68个,占56.67%。从两种基物上获得黏菌6目7科12属24种,优势种为混淆筛菌Cribraria confusa,相对丰度达到19.01%。柳杉林凋落物上发生的黏菌种类和数量高于柳杉树皮,凋落物和柳杉树皮上发生的黏菌共有种为4种,种群间的Sørensen相似性系数为Cs=0.333。在不同季节间,黏菌物种的群落组成与多样性也表现出差异,春季Shannon-Wiener多样性指数Hʹ=0.2987±0.1564,夏季Hʹ=0.1105±0.0949,秋季Hʹ=0.1968±0.0589,冬季Hʹ=0.2726±0.0875。黏菌物种数量发生最多的是春季和冬季,均有15种,仅在春季发生的黏菌物种为粗壮发菌Comatricha suksdorfii、鲜黄绒泡菌Physarum luteolum、暗红团网菌Arcyria denudata和极小无丝菌Licea minima,仅在冬季发生的黏菌物种为钙丝绒泡菌Physarum decipiens、小筛菌Cribraria microcarpa和暗褐无丝菌Licea belmontiana。典型对应分析（canonical correspondence analyses,CCA）表明,影响柳杉林中黏菌物种群落组成与多样性的主要环境因素是基物类型。     

WHAMM is required for meiotic spindle migration and asymmetric cytokinesis in mouse oocytes

WASP homolog associated with actin, membranes and microtubules (WHAMM) is a newly discovered nucleation-promoting factor that links actin and microtubule cytoskeleton and regulates transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus. However, knowledge of WHAMM is limited to interphase somatic cells. In this study, we examined its localization and function in mouse oocytes during meiosis. Immunostaining showed that in the germinal vesicle (GV) stage, there was no WHAMM signal; after meiosis resumption, WHAMM was associated with the spindle at prometaphase I (Pro MI), metaphase I (MI), telophase I (TI) and metaphase II (MII) stages. Nocodazole and taxol treatments showed that WHAMM was localized around the MI spindle. Depletion of WHAMM by microinjection of specific short interfering (si)RNA into the oocyte cytoplasm resulted in failure of spindle migration, disruption of asymmetric cytokinesis and a decrease in the first polar body extrusion rate during meiotic maturation. Moreover, actin cap formation was also disrupted after WHAMM depletion, confirming the failure of spindle migration. Taken together, our data suggest that WHAMM is required for peripheral spindle migration and asymmetric cytokinesis during mouse oocyte maturation.     

中国4个民族群体HLA-G基因14bp插入/缺失多态的分布特征及其HLA-A位点的相关性

近年来,位于HLA-G基因第8外显子3′UTR的一个14 bp插入/缺失多态位点与复发性流产、自身免疫性疾病和肝癌等疾病相关而引起广泛关注。本实验室前期的研究表明,不同群体的HLA-G基因14 bp插入/缺失频率具有群体语系分布特点。文章对土族、裕固族、傈僳族和怒族进行HLA-G基因14 bp插入/缺失的基因分型,结合HLA-A基因分型数据,分析土族、裕固族、傈僳族和怒族4个民族群体中14 bp插入/缺失与HLA-A等位基因的关系。研究结果显示:(1)尽管HLA-G基因14 bp插入频率在不同群体中的分布具有各自群体的特点,但遵循着按语系及语族分布的规律,除汉藏语系汉语族与阿尔泰语系蒙古语族无差异外,语族间差异明显;(2)不同群体中,14 bp插入与不同的HLA-A等位基因相关联。     

饲料蛋白水平对血鹦鹉幼鱼生长、体组成和肠道蛋白消化酶活性的影响

为考察饲料蛋白水平对血鹦鹉CichZasoma sp.幼鱼生长、体组成和肠道蛋白消化酶活性的影响,以鱼粉和豆粕为主要蛋白源配制了蛋白质含量分别为37%、40%、43%、46%和49%五种饲料,饲养平均体重为0.66 g的血鹦鹉6周.结果表明:血鹦鹉幼鱼摄食上述5种饲料后,增重率分别为868.51%、935.95%、1018.28%、925.16%和873.86%,饲料系数分别为1.55、1.48、1.41、1.47和1.56,摄食饲料蛋白质水平43%饲料的血鹦鹉幼鱼具有最佳生长性能.对全鱼体组成成分的分析表明:血鹦鹉幼鱼鱼体粗蛋白和粗灰分的含量随着饲料中蛋白含量的增加而增加,而体脂肪含量则呈下降趋势;在肠道蛋白酶及肝脏GOT、GPT活性方面:随着饲料中蛋白含量的增加,血鹦鹉幼鱼前肠组织和内容物蛋亡J酶活性及肝脏GOT、GPT活性也增加,当蛋白含量达到43%时均达到最大值.研究表明血鹦鹉幼鱼对饲料蛋白的最佳需求量为43%.     

免疫共沉淀结合微流控芯片技术筛选GBLP相互作用蛋白

为了进一步阐明G蛋白β亚基2样1蛋白（guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta 2-like 1,GBLP）在普萘洛尔（propranolol,PRO）生物学效应发生机制中的作用,采用免疫共沉淀法结合液相色谱-芯片-离子阱串联质谱（HPLC-CHIP-IT-MS/MS）系统筛选并鉴定人脐静脉内皮细胞（human umbilical vein endothelial cell,HUVEC）中的GBLP相互作用蛋白.结果表明,有7种蛋白与GBLP存在相互作用,分别为酪蛋白α-S1、酪蛋白α-S2、β酪蛋白、桥粒芯蛋白1前体、α-烯醇化酶、果糖二磷酸醛缩酶C、硫氧还原蛋白过氧化物酶2.这些蛋白的生物信息学检索结果提示,GBLP可能参与了细胞的能量代谢调节和抗氧化机制,与普萘洛尔的生物学效应发生机制密切相关.     

Micropropagation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus massoniana</Emphasis> and mycorrhiza formation in vitro

A protocol was developed for the micropropagation of Pinus massoniana and mycorrhiza formation on rooted microshoots. Seedling explants were first cultured on Gresshoff and Doy (GD) medium supplemented with 6-benzyladenine (BA) alone or in combination with α-napthaleneacetic acid (NAA) to stimulate the formation of intercotyledonary axillary buds. The frequency of axillary bud induction was up to 97% on medium supplemented with 4.0 mg l⁻¹ BA and 0. 2 mg l⁻¹ NAA, and the average number of buds per explant reached up to 5.5 on medium with 4.0 mg l⁻¹ BA and 0.1 mg l⁻¹ NAA. Axillary buds elongated rapidly after being transferred to half-strength GD medium containing activated charcoal (0.1% w/v). Shoot proliferation was achieved by cutting elongated shoots into stem segments and subculturing on GD medium containing 2 mg l⁻¹ BA and 0.2 mg l⁻¹ NAA. Root primordia were induced in 82% of shoots when transferred to half-strength GD medium containing 0.2 mg l⁻¹ NAA. Root elongation was achieved in a hormone-free GD agar medium or a perlite substrate. Rooted plantlets were inoculated with the mycelium of ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius and the formation of ectomycorrhiza-like structures was achieved in vitro.     

Differences in natural killer cell quantification and receptor profile expression in HIV-1 infected Chinese children

Natural killer (NK) cells are believed to play a role in the progression of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) disease, and NK cell levels are reduced in individuals with chronic HIV-1 infection. To assess the effects on quantity of NK cells and the changes of NK cell receptors in HIV-1 infected children via mother-to-child transmission, the percentage of NK cells is quantified and the changes in the NK cell receptor profiles in 20 HIV-1 infected children who are not progressing into AIDS were examined. The results showed that NK cell percentage was decreased in the HIV-1 infected children. The expression of NKp30 on NK cells was increased, while the expressions of CD16, NKp44, NKp46, NKp80, NTB-A, CD244, KIR2D, KIR3DL1 and NKG2D on NK cells were decreased in the HIV-1 infected children. NK cell cytolytic activity was elevated in HIV-1 infected children. These results indicate that the acute changes in NK cell percentage and NK cell receptors in HIV-1 infected children are different from the HIV-1 infected adult individuals. Moreover, serum concentrations of IL-18 were elevated in HIV-infected children compared to HIV-uninfected controls. These differences probably play a role in protecting against transmission of maternal HIV-1 virus and guiding the therapeutic strategies for HIV-1 infected children.     

Globin-like蛋白质折叠类型识别

蛋白质折叠类型识别是蛋白质结构研究的重要内容.以SCOP中的Globin-like折叠为研究对象,选择其中序列同一性小于25%的17个代表性蛋白质为训练集,采用机器和人工结合的办法进行结构比对,产生序列排比,经过训练得到了适合Globin-like折叠的概形隐马尔科夫模型(profile HMM)用于该折叠类型的识别.以Astrall.65中的68057个结构域样本进行检验,识别敏感度为99.64%,特异性100%.在折叠类型水平上,与Pfam和SUPERFAMILY单纯使用序列比对构建的HMM相比,所用模型由多于100个归为一个,仍然保持了很高的识别效果.结果表明:对序列相似度很低但具有相同折叠类型的蛋白质,可以通过引入结构比对的方法建立统一的HMM模型,实现高准确率的折叠类型识别.