植物体内蔗糖转运蛋白的功能和调控

蔗糖转运蛋白（sucrose transporter,SUT）负责蔗糖的跨膜运输,在韧皮部介导的源-库蔗糖运输和为库组织供应蔗糖的生理活动中起关键作用。本文介绍植物体内蔗糖转运蛋白基因家族、细胞定位与功能调节以及高等植物的蔗糖感受机制的研究进展。     

Tectorigenin Attenuates Palmitate-Induced Endothelial Insulin Resistance via Targeting ROS-Associated Inflammation and IRS-1 Pathway

Tectorigenin is a plant isoflavonoid originally isolated from the dried flower of Pueraria thomsonii Benth. Although its anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperglycosemia effects have been well documented, the effect of tectorigenin on endothelial dysfunction insulin resistance involved has not yet been reported. Herein, this study aims to investigate the action of tectorigenin on amelioration of insulin resistance in the endothelium. Palmitic acid (PA) was chosen as a stimulant to induce ROS production in endothelial cells and successfully established insulin resistance evidenced by the specific impairment of insulin PI3K signaling. Tectorigenin effectively inhibited the ability of PA to induce the production of reactive oxygen species and collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential. Moreover, tectorigenin presented strong inhibition effect on ROS-associated inflammation, as TNF-α and IL-6 production in endothelial cells was greatly reduced with suppression of IKKβ/NF-κB phosphorylation and JNK activation. Tectorigenin also can inhibit inflammation-stimulated IRS-1 serine phosphorylation and restore the impaired insulin PI3K signaling, leading to a decreased NO production. These results demonstrated its positive regulation of insulin action in the endothelium. Meanwhile, tectorigenin down-regulated endothelin-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 overexpression, and restored the loss of insulin-mediated vasodilation in rat aorta. These findings suggested that tectorigenin could inhibit ROS-associated inflammation and ameliorated endothelial dysfunction implicated in insulin resistance through regulating IRS-1 function. Tectorigenin might have potential to be applied for the management of cardiovascular diseases involved in diabetes and insulin resistance.     

Angiotensin II Facilitates Fibrogenic Effect of TGF-β1 through Enhancing the Down-Regulation of BAMBI Caused by LPS: A New Pro-Fibrotic Mechanism of Angiotensin II

Angiotensin II has progressively been considered to play an important role in the development of liver fibrosis, although the mechanism isn''t fully understood. The aim of this study was to investigate a possible pro-fibrotic mechanism, by which angiotensin II would enhance the pro-fibrotic effect of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) through up-regulation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and enhancing down-regulation of TGF-β1 inhibitory pseudo-receptor—BAMBI caused by LPS in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Firstly, the synergistic effects of angiotensin II, TGF-β1 and LPS on collagen 1α production were confirmed in vitro by ELISA, in which angiotensin II, LPS and TGF-β1 were treated sequentially, and in vivo by immunofluorescence, in the experiments single or multiple intra-peritoneally implanted osmotic mini-pumps administrating angiotensin II or LPS combined with intra-peritoneal injections of TGF-β1 were used. We also found that only LPS and TGF-β1 weren''t enough to induce obvious fibrogenesis without angiotensin II. Secondly, to identify the reason of why angiotensin II is so important, the minute level of TLR4 in activated HSCs - T6 and primary quiescent HSCs of rat, up-regulation of TLR4 by angiotensin II and blockage by different angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1) blockers in HSCs were assayed by western blotting in vitro and immunofluorescence in vivo. Finally, BAMBI expression level, which is regulated by LPS-TLR4 pathway, was detected by qRT-PCR and results showed angiotensin II enhanced the down-regulation of BAMBI mRNA caused by LPS in vitro and in vivo, and TLR4 neutralization antibody blocked this interactive effect. These data demonstrated that angiotensin II enhances LPS-TLR4 pathway signaling and further down-regulates expression of BAMBI through up-regulation of TLR4, which results in facilitation of pro-fibrotic activity of TGF-β1. Angiotensin II, LPS and TGF-β1 act synergistically during hepatic fibrogenesis, showing crosstalks between angiotensin II-AT1, LPS-TLR4 and TGF-β1-BAMBI signal pathways in rat HSCs.     

The construction of a new POMs-based inorganic-organic hybrid framework involving in-situ ligand conversion from 1,3-bis(4-pyridyl)propane to isonicotinic acid

A new inorganic-organic hybrid complex, Na₂[{Ag₁₀(NC₅H₄COO)₈(H₂O)₆}(SiW₁₂O₄₀)] (1), has been successfully synthesized from [SiW₁₂O₄₀]⁴⁻ anions, Ag⁺ ions and 1,3-bis(4-pyridyl)propane under hydrothermal conditions and characterized by elemental analyses, IR spectroscopy, TG analyses, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. In complex 1, each [SiW₁₂O₄₀]⁴⁻ anion connects with six Ag atoms and in turn each Ag atom links to three [SiW₁₂O₄₀]⁴⁻ anions, leading to a (6, 3) layer. Such (6, 3) layers are arranged in parallel and further linked by [Ag(H₂O)(NC₅H₄COOH)₂]⁻ fragments to generate a 3D framework. The most striking feature in this work is that 1,3-bis(4-pyridyl)propane converses to isonicotinic acid in the synthetic reaction of 1, which may be induced by the combined function of Ag⁺ ion and polyoxometalate.     

细胞外信号调节激酶在丹参单体IH764-3诱导肝星状细胞凋亡中的作用

目的：探讨丹参单体1H764-3对H202刺激的肝星状细胞（HSCs）增殖、凋亡等细胞行为的影响及细胞外信号调节激酶,（ERKt）在其中的调节作用。方法：应用体外细胞培养技术,采用直接细胞计数法、0H．胸腺嘧啶核苷（0H-TdR）掺入法测定HSCs增殖;透射电镜、膜联蛋白（Annexin-V）／磺化丙啶（PI）双标记流式细胞术测定nscs凋亡;分别应用Western blot和逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）技术测定ERK1蛋白及其mRNA的表达。结果：①H202具有刺激HSC8增殖的作用;②丹参单体IH764-3剂量依赖性抑制也02刺激的HSCs增殖;③Annexin-V／PI检测显示,10mg／L,20mg／L,30mg／L及40mg／LIH764-3干预48h后各组凋亡率分别为6．35％、9．28％、15．10％、19．69％,而H2O2组为2．30％;30ms／L IH764-3干预HSCs不同时间（12h、24h、48h）的凋亡率分剐是6．73％、10．34％、15．10％,呈时间依赖性;④丹参单体IH764-3干预组,HSCs的ERK1蛋白及其mRNA表达下调。结论：丹参单体IH764-3可以抑制HSCs增殖并诱导其凋亡;这种作用与其抑制ERK1蛋白和ERK1 mRNA表达有关。     

Holmium Laser Enucleation versus Transurethral Resection in Patients with Benign Prostate Hyperplasia: An Updated Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis

Background

Holmium laser enucleation (HoLEP) in surgical treatment of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) potentially offers advantages over transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP).

Methods

Published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were identified from PubMed, EMBASE, Science Citation Index, and the Cochrane Library up to October 10, 2013 (updated on February 5, 2014). After methodological quality assessment and data extraction, meta-analysis was performed using STATA 12.0 and Trial Sequential Analysis (TSA) 0.9 software.

Results

Fifteen studies including 8 RCTs involving 855 patients met the criteria. The results of meta-analysis showed that: a) efficacy indicators: there was no significant difference in quality of life between the two groups (P>0.05), but compared with the TURP group, Qmax was better at 3 months and 12 months, PVR was less at 6, 12 months, and IPSS was lower at 12 months in the HoLEP, b) safety indicators: compared with the TURP, HoLEP had less blood transfusion (RR 0.17, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.47), but there was no significant difference in early and late postoperative complications (P>0.05), and c) perioperative indicators: HoLEP was associated with longer operation time (WMD 14.19 min, 95% CI 6.30 to 22.08 min), shorter catheterization time (WMD −19.97 h, 95% CI −24.24 to −15.70 h) and hospital stay (WMD −25.25 h, 95% CI −29.81 to −20.68 h).

Conclusions

In conventional meta-analyses, there is no clinically relevant difference in early and late postoperative complications between the two techniques, but HoLEP is preferable due to advantage in the curative effect, less blood transfusion rate, shorter catheterization duration time and hospital stay. However, trial sequential analysis does not allow us to draw any solid conclusion in overall clinical benefit comparison between the two approaches. Further large, well-designed, multicentre/international RCTs with long-term data and the comparison between the two approaches remain open.     

Four new species of Entoloma s.l. (Agaricales) from southern China

Four new Entoloma s.l. species (E. azureosquamulosum, E. caeruleoflavum, E. hainanense, and E. subtenuicystidiatum) are described from southern China. E. azureosquamulosum fits well within the section Rhamphocystotae, E. caeruleoflavum belongs to the section Entoloma, E. hainanense is placed in the section Calliderma, and E. subtenuicystidiatum is a species in the section Cyanula. Preliminary phylogenetic analyses for the four new species are provided based on ITS and LSU sequences in this paper.     

褐飞虱唾液腺中水稻抗性适应基因的分离

褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens (Stål)是一种危害水稻的重要害虫, 在取食水稻时其唾液腺分泌的一些物质能激发水稻产生一系列生理生化反应。为了从褐飞虱唾液腺中得到编码这些分泌物的基因, 本研究运用抑制差减杂交法（suppressed subtractive hybridization, SSH）和镜像选择（mirror orientation selection, MOS）法, 分别以取食抗虫水稻B5和敏感水稻TN1的褐飞虱唾液腺cDNA为tester和driver, 构建了一个含有768个克隆子的抑制差减杂交文库。经筛选得到102个EST, 插入序列长250~1 000 bp, 代表35个单基因。其中28个表达上调, 7个表达下调。经GenBank里的blastx在线分析工具分析, 除了约1/3的转录序列没有相匹配的蛋白质外, 其他EST所代表的氨基酸序列与已知蛋白存在不同程度的相似度, 如海藻溏酶、 卵黄蛋白原、 Ca²⁺结合蛋白、 组织蛋白酶B （cathepsin B）、 黏液样蛋白（putative mucin-like protein）、 羧酸酯酶（carboxylesterase）和碳酸酐酶（cah-3 carbonic anhydrase）等, 且多数蛋白含有信号肽, 推测与分泌有关。本研究将为进一步研究刺吸式昆虫中的激发子蛋白奠定了一定的基础。     

The conserved Cys254 plays a crucial role in creatine kinase refolding under non-reduced conditions but not in its activity or stability

Oxidative stress is a common factor that may affect cell survival in extreme or disease-related conditions, and it is important for the cells to develop not only redox homeostatic mechanisms, but also adequate protein-protecting mechanisms to fight against oxidative stress. In this research, we investigated the role of the conserved C254 in the refolding of creatine kinase (CK), a key cytosolic enzyme involved in intracellular energetics. It was found that the conserved C254 did not contribute to the activity, structure, stability and unfolding of CK, but played a crucial role in CK refolding under non-reduced conditions by preventing off-pathway aggregation. This property of C254 might be a result of natural selection of CK to fight against oxidative stresses that are frequently encountered by vertebrate cells. The results herein not only confirmed that the reduced condition is important to the activity, structural stability and folding of cytosolic proteins, but also highlighted that it is also crucial for cytosolic proteins to maintain the ability to fold correctly under non-reduced conditions.