穗状狐尾藻的组织培养与快速繁殖

1植物名称 穗状狐尾藻（Myriophyllum spicatum L．）。 2材料类别 当年生茎尖或茎段。 3培养条件 基本培养基为加入0．05％内生菌型抑菌剂“山农一号”的MS培养基。（1）初代培养基：MS＋6-BA0．5mg·L。（单位下同）;     

杉叶藻的组织培养与快速繁殖

1植物名称杉叶藻（Hippuris vulgari L.）。 2材料类别当年生茎尖或茎段。3培养条件基本培养基为加入0.05%内生菌型抑菌剂“山农一号”的MS培养基。（1）初代培养基：1／2MS＋TDZ1．0mg·L^-1（单位下同）＋IBA0-0．5;（2）增殖培养基：MS＋6－BA3．0＋IBA0．5＋KT0．05＋CCC0．05;（3）生根培养基：1／2MS＋IBA2．0。     

三裂碱毛茛的组织培养与快速繁殖

1植物名称三裂碱毛茛[Halerpestes tricuspis（Maxim.）Hand.-Mazz.]。 2材料类别茎尖和带腋芽茎段。 3培养条件基本培养基为加入0.05%内生菌型抑菌剂“山农一号”的MS培养基。（1）初代培养基：     

情绪刺激影响源记忆的理论模型与研究进展

源记忆是对信息来源(例如信息获取的媒介和感觉通道)的记忆.情绪刺激是能使个体产生正性或负性情绪的刺激.已有研究所揭示的情绪刺激对源记忆的影响不尽相同.综合情绪刺激对源记忆影响的研究成果,阐述注意资源缩减理论和优先捆绑理论,并基于情绪刺激增强、减弱和不影响源记忆三种实验现象总结现有相关实验研究,指出现有研究存在的局限,并对未来研究进行展望.     

面部表情的阈下情绪启动效应及其机制

人类大脑是否可以加工阈下情绪信息?阈下情绪启动效应为此提供了直接证据。使用视觉掩蔽和连续闪烁抑制范式,以面部表情作为启动刺激的研究发现,个体在注意和记忆、社会性评价和行为倾向中都受先前启动刺激情绪属性的影响,即表现出了阈下情绪启动效应。还有研究发现,阈下面部表情增强了个体的皮肤电导水平和心血管系统反应。而神经机制的研究发现,阈下面部表情对目标刺激的早期知觉加工和晚期情绪意义分析产生了影响,杏仁核等脑区在其中具有重要作用。情绪优先假设和感受即信息理论分别从情绪系统领域特殊性和情绪归因的角度试图阐释该效应产生的机制。在总结和分析以往研究基础上,本文对这一领域的未来研究提出了具体建议。     

Functional map of the macroglomerular complex of male Helicoverpa armigera

The mechanism of sex pheromone reception in the male cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera has been extensively studied because it has become an important model system for understanding insect olfaction. However, the pathways of pheromone processing from the antenna to the primary olfactory center in H. armigera have not yet been clarified. Here, the physiology and morphology of male H. armigera olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) were studied using single sensillum recording along with anterograde filling and intracellular recording with retrograde filling. OSNs localized in type A sensilla responded to the major pheromone component cis-11-hexadecenal, and the axonal terminals projected to the cumulus (Cu) of the macroglomerular complex (MGC). The OSNs in type B sensilla responded to the behavioral antagonist cis-9-tetradecenal, and the axonal terminals projected to the dorsomedial anterior (DMA) unit of the MGC. In type C sensilla, there were 2 OSNs: one that responded to cis-9-tetradecenal and cis-11-hexadecenol with the axonal terminals projecting to the DMA, and another that responded to the secondary pheromone components cis-9-hexadecenal and cis-9-tetradecenal with the axonal terminals projecting to the dorsomedial posterior (DMP) unit of the MGC. Type A and type B sensilla also housed the secondary OSNs, which were silent neurons with axonal terminals projected to the glomerulus G49 and DMP. Overall, the neural pathways that carry information on attractiveness and aversiveness in response to female pheromone components in H. armigera exhibit distinct projections to the MGC units.     

Cladistic Analysis of Sphagnum in Northeast China

This paper deals with the phylogenetic relationships in Sphagnum using the Wagner Groundplan-Divergence method. The main principle of the Wagner GPD method is grouping based on synapomorphy derived from outgroup comparison and ontogenetic analysis whenever possible. We make use of 21 available characters from gametophytes, estimate plesiomorphic conditions on the principle that characters found in the group under study and in most or all members of related groups are plesiomorphic, while those found only within the group are apomorphic, and finally arrange taxa according to shared derived features. In the Wagner tree diagrams, all characters can be placed on a Wagner tree so that the various relationships in the genus Sphagnum can be visualized. The results were as follows: 1. The genus Sphagnum can be divided into six sections, i.e. Sphagnum, Squarrosa, Acutifolia, Cuspidata, Subsecunda and Polyclada. They are almost consistent withe those derived from classical and numerical taxonomy of Sphagnum. 2. In Wagner tree diagrams, Section Sphagnum and Sect. Squarros were branched earlier, so they are primitive and the other four sections were last branched, so they are derived. Sphagnum magellanicum is a rather primitive species, whereus S. girgensohnii andS. fimbriatum are rather advanced ones in the 14 species of Sphagnum investigated.     

Inactivation Kinetics of Guanidinium Chloride on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Penaeus vannamei</Emphasis>β - <Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-Acetyl-D-Glucosaminidase and the Relationship of Enzyme Activity and its Conformation

The effects of guanidinium chloride (GuHCl) on the activity of Penaeus vannamei β-N-acetyl-d-glucosaminidase (NAGase) have been studied. The results show that GuHCl, at appropriate concentrations, can lead to reversible inactivation of the enzyme, and the IC₅₀ is estimated to be 0.6 M. Changes of activity and conformation of the enzyme in different concentrations of GuHCl have been studied by measuring the fluorescence spectra and its relative activity after denaturation. The fluorescence intensity of the enzyme decreases distinctly with increasing GuHCl concentrations, and the emission peaks appear red-shifted (from 339.4 to 360 nm). Changes in the conformation and catalytic activity of the enzyme are compared. The extent of inactivation is greater than that of conformational changes, indicating that the active site of the enzyme is more flexible than the whole enzyme molecule. The kinetics of inactivation has been studied using the kinetic method of the substrate reaction. The rate constants of inactivation have been determined. The value of k₊₀ is larger than that of k₊₀^′ which suggests that the enzyme is protected by substrate to a certain extent during guanidine denaturation.     

Oxidative stress induced by beta-amyloid peptide(1-42) is involved in the altered composition of cellular membrane lipids and the decreased expression of nicotinic receptors in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells

The neurotoxic effects and influence of beta-amyloid peptide (Aβ)_1–42 on membrane lipids and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were investigated in parallel. Exposure of the cultured cells to varying concentrations of Aβ_1–42 evoked a significantly decrease in cellular reduction of MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5,diphenyl tetrazolium bromide), together with enhanced lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation. Significant reductions in the total contents of phospholipid and unbiquinone-10, as well as in the levels of the 3 and 7 subunit proteins of nAChRs were detected in cells exposed to Aβ_1–42. In contrast, such treatment had no effect on the total cellular content of cholesterol. Among these alterations, increased lipid peroxidation and decreased levels of cellular phospholipids were most sensitive to Aβ_1–42, occurring at lower concentrations. In addition, when SH-SY5Y cells were pretreated with the antioxidant Vitamin E, prior to the addition of Aβ_1–42, these alterations in neurotoxicity, oxidative stress, composition of membrane lipids and expression of nAChRs were partially prevented. These findings suggest that stimulation of lipid peroxidation by Aβ may be involved in eliciting the alterations in membrane lipid composition and the reduced expression of nAChRs associated with the pathogenesis of AD.