全文获取类型
收费全文 | 34782篇 |
免费 | 3110篇 |
国内免费 | 3139篇 |
专业分类
41031篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 96篇 |
2023年 | 505篇 |
2022年 | 1186篇 |
2021年 | 1890篇 |
2020年 | 1312篇 |
2019年 | 1679篇 |
2018年 | 1599篇 |
2017年 | 1120篇 |
2016年 | 1589篇 |
2015年 | 2207篇 |
2014年 | 2571篇 |
2013年 | 2622篇 |
2012年 | 3162篇 |
2011年 | 2828篇 |
2010年 | 1679篇 |
2009年 | 1574篇 |
2008年 | 1792篇 |
2007年 | 1518篇 |
2006年 | 1314篇 |
2005年 | 1094篇 |
2004年 | 973篇 |
2003年 | 920篇 |
2002年 | 799篇 |
2001年 | 692篇 |
2000年 | 595篇 |
1999年 | 547篇 |
1998年 | 358篇 |
1997年 | 355篇 |
1996年 | 308篇 |
1995年 | 263篇 |
1994年 | 238篇 |
1993年 | 187篇 |
1992年 | 239篇 |
1991年 | 206篇 |
1990年 | 197篇 |
1989年 | 132篇 |
1988年 | 118篇 |
1987年 | 114篇 |
1986年 | 81篇 |
1985年 | 88篇 |
1984年 | 48篇 |
1983年 | 53篇 |
1982年 | 26篇 |
1981年 | 20篇 |
1980年 | 16篇 |
1979年 | 13篇 |
1978年 | 10篇 |
1969年 | 9篇 |
1968年 | 8篇 |
1965年 | 16篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
81.
82.
Jinping Wei Xiaodong Wang Zeyu Hu Xiaojie Wang Jialiu Wang Jianfeng Wang Xueling Huang Zhensheng Kang Chunlei Tang 《植物学报(英文版)》2023,65(1):249-264
The obligate biotrophic fungus Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) employs virulence effectors to disturb host immunity and causes devastating stripe rust disease. However, our understanding of how Pst effectors regulate host defense responses remains limited. In this study, we determined that the Pst effector Hasp98, which is highly expressed in Pst haustoria, inhibits plant immune responses triggered by flg22 or nonpathogenic bacteria. Overexpression of Hasp98 in wheat (Triticum aestivum) suppressed avirulent Pst-triggered immunity, leading to decreased H2O2 accumulation and promoting P. striiformis infection, whereas stable silencing of Hasp98 impaired P. striiformis pathogenicity. Hasp98 interacts with the wheat mitogen-activated protein kinase TaMAPK4, a positive regulator of plant resistance to stripe rust. The conserved TEY motif of TaMAPK4 is important for its kinase activity, which is required for the resistance function. We demonstrate that Hasp98 inhibits the kinase activity of TaMAPK4 and that the stable silencing of TaMAPK4 compromises wheat resistance against P. striiformis. These results suggest that Hasp98 acts as a virulence effector to interfere with the MAPK signaling pathway in wheat, thereby promoting P. striiformis infection. 相似文献
83.
用闪光动力学光谱仪测量了酰化紫膜LB膜中M衰减速率的变化。酰化紫膜LB膜的衰减无论是悬浮液状态,还是LB膜中,均比未修饰的要慢。在温度为20℃时,酰化紫膜LB随着相对湿度的增加,M衰减加快。在相对湿度较低时(RH34—75%),变化较平缓,即M的衰减加快不明显;在相对湿度较高时(RH84—95%),M衰减明显加快。温度的变化则随相对湿度不同而不同。相对湿度较低时,随着温度的升高,M衰减加快;相对湿度较高时,M衰减反而减慢。酰化紫膜悬浮液的M衰减随着温度的升高而明显加快.这说明酰化紫膜LB膜中BR水合程度可能是直接影响M衰减的因素之一。 相似文献
84.
85.
桃儿七分布格局与生态适应的初步研究 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
以云南产桃儿七Sinopodophyllum hexandrum(Royle)Ying为研究材料,分析了它的分布格局及生态适应。指出桃儿七是一个分布范围较广、生态适应幅度大的物种;在分布区内它主要出现在具有次生植被的山谷中,个体在居群内的分布格局,由于受到放牧活动的影响而呈聚群式分布,植株常出现在灌木丛下和树根附近。它适应夏秋湿润凉爽,冬季及早春寒冷干燥的气候条件,并具有相应的生长与发育节律。人类 相似文献
86.
羊角椒辣味物质成份分析 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
用紫外光谱法、红外光谱法和高效液相色谱法分析羊角椒中辣味物质纯度与组成,表明辣味物质由辣椒素、二氢辣椒素和降二氢辣椒素组成。 相似文献
87.
榄香烯对急性血瘀模型大鼠血液流变性的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文观察了榄香烯对急性血瘀模型大鼠血液流变性的影响。实验结果表明:榄香烯6.25-25mg/kg/d,ip×7d,可使血瘀模型鼠的高低切变率全血粘度和还原粘度、血浆粘度、血沉、红细胞聚集指数、纤维蛋白原及红细胞电泳时间等显著降低(P<0.05、P<0.01)。提示榄香烯有活血化瘀作用 相似文献
88.
远交系小鼠胚胎干细胞系的建立及嵌合鼠的获得 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
ES细胞(EmbryonicStemCells)是来源于小鼠早期胚胎的多潜能干细胞,它可以在体外大量培养。并以单细胞的形式注射到早期胚胎里,发育为嵌合体。到目前为止,通常使用的129小鼠品系是来源于近交系(inbred)小鼠的胚胎.与之相比,远交系小鼠应当具有较强的生命力和抗病能力。曾有人报道过建成了远交系小鼠胚胎干细胞系,但是尚没有见到获得嵌合鼠的报道。有人甚至认为:由于不同品系小鼠所具有的遗传背景不同,有的小鼠不能建成ES细胞系。最近,本实验室在这方面做了有益的探索,成功地建成了远交系小鼠胚胎干细胞系,并在这里报导首例用远交系小鼠胚胎干细胞系培育成功嵌合体小鼠。采用源于Swiss小鼠远交群的昆明(KM)品系小鼠囊胚建成了三个小鼠胚胎干细胞系(KE1.KE2.KE5)。核型正常率均达到70%以上。自第八代起分批冻存,复苏后,培养至第12代,消化成单细胞,通过囊胚显微注射,将其注射到615品系小鼠胚胎。在幸存的幼鼠中获得了一只来源于KE1细胞的嵌合鼠(Table1).其毛色表现为受体鼠(615)的白色中嵌合有供体鼠(KM)的黑褐色(PlateI-A).嵌合鼠与受体鼠的杂交后代鼠中仍然出现了受体鼠的毛色类型( 相似文献
89.
Targeting foreign proteins to human immunodeficiency virus particles via fusion with Vpr and Vpx. 总被引:15,自引:7,他引:8 下载免费PDF全文
X Wu H Liu H Xiao J Kim P Seshaiah G Natsoulis J D Boeke B H Hahn J C Kappes 《Journal of virology》1995,69(6):3389-3398
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2 Vpr and Vpx proteins are packaged into virions through virus type-specific interactions with the Gag polyprotein precursor. To examine whether HIV-1 Vpr (Vpr1) and HIV-2 Vpx (Vpx2) could be used to target foreign proteins to the HIV particle, their open reading frames were fused in frame with genes encoding the bacterial staphylococcal nuclease (SN), an enzymatically inactive mutant of SN (SN*), and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT). Transient expression in a T7-based vaccinia virus system demonstrated the synthesis of appropriately sized Vpr1-SN/SN* and Vpx2-SN/SN* fusion proteins which, when coexpressed with their cognate p55Gag protein, were efficiently incorporated into virus-like particles. Packaging of the fusion proteins was dependent on virus type-specific determinants, as previously seen with wild-type Vpr and Vpx proteins. Particle-associated Vpr1-SN and Vpx2-SN fusion proteins were enzymatically active, as determined by in vitro digestion of lambda phage DNA. To determine whether functional Vpr1 and Vpx2 fusion proteins could be targeted to HIV particles, the gene fusions were cloned into an HIV-2 long terminal repeat/Rev response element-regulated expression vector and cotransfected with wild-type HIV-1 and HIV-2 proviruses. Western blot (immunoblot) analysis of sucrose gradient-purified virions revealed that both Vpr1 and Vpx2 fusion proteins were efficiently packaged regardless of whether SN, SN*, or CAT was used as the C-terminal fusion partner. Moreover, the fusion proteins remained enzymatically active and were packaged in the presence of wild-type Vpr and Vpx proteins. Interestingly, virions also contained smaller proteins that reacted with antibodies specific for the accessory proteins as well as SN and CAT fusion partners. Since similar proteins were absent from Gag-derived virus-like particles and from virions propagated in the presence of an HIV protease inhibitor, they must represent cleavage products produced by the viral protease. Taken together, these results demonstrate that Vpr and Vpx can be used to target functional proteins, including potentially deleterious enzymes, to the human or simian immunodeficiency virus particle. These properties may be exploitable for studies of HIV particle assembly and maturation and for the development of novel antiviral strategies. 相似文献
90.
Mutational analysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae U4 small nuclear RNA identifies functionally important domains. 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1 下载免费PDF全文
U4 small nuclear RNA (snRNA) is essential for pre-mRNA splicing, although its role is not yet clear. On the basis of a model structure (C. Guthrie and B. Patterson, Annu. Rev. Genet. 22:387-419, 1988), the molecule can be thought of as having six domains: stem II, 5' stem-loop, stem I, central region, 3' stem-loop, and 3'-terminal region. We have carried out extensive mutagenesis of the yeast U4 snRNA gene (SNR14) and have obtained information on the effect of mutations at 105 of its 160 nucleotides. Fifteen critical residues in the U4 snRNA have been identified in four domains: stem II, the 5' stem-loop, stem I, and the 3'-terminal region. These domains have been shown previously to be insensitive to oligonucleotide-directed RNase H cleavage (Y. Xu, S. Petersen-Bjørn, and J. D. Friesen, Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:1217-1225, 1990), suggesting that they are involved in intra- or intermolecular interactions. Stem II, a region that base pairs with U6 snRNA, is the most sensitive to mutation of all U4 snRNA domains. In contrast, stem I is surprisingly insensitive to mutational change, which brings into question its role in base pairing with U6 snRNA. All mutations in the putative Sm site of U4 snRNA yield a lethal or conditional-lethal phenotype, indicating that this region is important functionally. Only two nucleotides in the 5' stem-loop are sensitive to mutation; most of this domain can tolerate point mutations or small deletions. The 3' stem-loop, while essential, is very tolerant of change. A large portion of the central domain can be removed or expanded with only minor effects on phenotype, suggesting that it has little function of its own. Analysis of conditional mutations in stem II and stem I indicates that although these single-base changes do not have a dramatic effect on U4 snRNA stability, they are defective in RNA splicing in vivo and in vitro, as well as in spliceosome assembly. These results are discussed in the context of current knowledge of the interactions involving U4 snRNA. 相似文献