棒状类细菌电击转化中多种条件对转化效率的影响

以质粒PXZl0145电击转化不同棒状类细菌菌株,研究了影响电击转化效率的诸个因素,在含4%甘氨酸的培养基中生长至对数前期的菌体最适用于电击转化,当以同源DNA进行电击转化时,1．μgDNA中转化效率最高可达到8×1O⁶转化子,但用异源DNA时,转化效率要比前者低10²～10³倍。     

Evidence forCis- andTrans-acting element coevolution of the 2-μm circle genome inSaccharomyces cerevisiae

Summary We compared the DNA sequence of the yeas 2-μm plasmidcis-actingSTB andtrans-actingREP1 partition loci of laboratory haploid and industrial amphiploid strains. Several industrial strains had a uniqueSTB sequence (type 1) sharing only 70% homology with laboratorySTB (type 2). Type 1 plasmids had a REP1 protein with 6–10% amino acid substitutions when compared to REP1 of type 2 plasmids. All 2-μm variants that shared a similarSTB consensus sequence exhibited a high degree ofREP1 nucleotide and amino acid sequence conservation. These observations suggest molecular coevolution oftrans-acting elements with cognate target DNA structure. Based on DNA sequencing and Southern hybridization analyses, we classified 2-μm variants into two main evolutionary lineages that differ atSTB as well asREP1 loci. The role of molecular coevolution in yeast intra- and interspecies plasmid evolution was discussed.     

Spatial and temporal patterns of intracellular calcium in colonic smooth muscle

Summary Intracellular calcium [Ca²⁺] _i measurements in cell suspension of gastrointestinal myocytes have suggested a single [Ca²⁺] _i transient followed by a steady-state increase as the characteristic [Ca²⁺] _i response of these cells. In the present study, we used digital video imaging techniques in freshly dispersed myocytes from the rabbit colon, to characterize the spatiotemporal pattern of the [Ca²⁺] _i signal in single cells. The distribution of [Ca²⁺] _i in resting and stimulated cells was nonhomogeneous, with gradients of high [Ca²⁺] _i present in the subplasmalemmal space and in one cell pole. [Ca²⁺] _i gradients within these regions were not constant but showed temporal changes in the form of [Ca²⁺] _i oscillations and spatial changes in the form of [Ca²⁺] _i waves. [Ca²⁺] _i oscillations in unstimulated cells (n = 60) were independent of extracellular [Ca²⁺] and had a mean frequency of 12.6 +1.1 oscillations per min. The baseline [Ca²⁺], was 171 ± 13 nm and the mean oscillation amplitude was 194 ± 12 nm. Generation of [Ca²⁺] _i waves was also independent of influx of extracellular Ca²⁺. [Ca²⁺] _i waves originated in one cell pole and were visualized as propagation mostly along the subplasmalemmal space or occasionally throughout the cytoplasm. The mean velocity was 23 +3 m per sec (n = 6). Increases of [Ca²⁺] _i induced by different agonists were encoded into changes of baseline [Ca²⁺] _i and the amplitude of oscillations, but not into their frequency. The observed spatiotemporal pattern of [Ca²⁺] _i regulation may be the underlying mechanism for slow wave generation and propagation in this tissue. These findings are consistent with a [Ca²⁺] _i regulation whereby cell regulators modulate the spatiotemporal pattern of intracellularly generated [Ca²⁺] _i oscillations.The authors thank Debbie Anderson for excellent technical assistance with the electron microscopy and Dr. M. Regoli for providing the NK-1 agonist [Sar⁹,Met(O₂)¹¹]-SP. This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grants DK 40919 and DK 40675 and Veterans Administration Grant SMI.     

Distribution and behaviour of Acetes sibogae Hansen (Decapoda, Crustacea) in an estuary in relation to tidal and diel environmental changes

Quantitative samples of Acetes sibogae were collected at 2 hintervals for 48 h at three sites across the axis of a tidalestuary to examine their distribution within the water bodyover tidal and diel cycles, and to assess the role of behaviourin maintaining population distribution in estuarine/coastalwaters in relation to selected environmental factors. Watertemperature, salinity, tidal height and light intensity wereconcurrently measured. Distribution of the shrimp across theestuary was uniform and consistent between daylight or darkperiods, and among flood or ebb tides. Changes of A.sibogaeabundance were related to light and tidal cycles at each sitewith higher catches in dark periods and during flood tides.Acetes sibogae also exhibited both nocturnal and tidal verticalmovements in the water body, with greater numbers being onlyfound near-surface rather than near-bottom during flood tidesand at night. No significant differences in the distributionof size groups were found between any sampled levels of anysite. Acetes sibogae was highly aggregated in the water body.It is suggested that aggregating behaviour and tidal and nocturnalvertical movements act to facilitate population maintenancein estuarine/coastal waters.     

中国虫草一新记录种

【目的】对一个寄生鳞翅目幼虫的虫草标本Dxhir140901进行分类鉴定。【方法】采用形态学比较和基于ITS1-5.8S-ITS2rDNA的系统发育与进化网络分析进行鉴定。【结果】形态学观察：标本的分离菌株形态显示其为典型的被毛孢属真菌,具有两型产孢结构：A型产孢细胞柱状,(1.8?6.3) μm×1.8 μm;B型产孢细胞锥形,基部柱状,向上逐渐变细无明显颈部,基部宽3?3.8 μm,长21?63 μm,颈部宽1.8?2.0 μm,菌丝末端可直接形成产孢细胞;孢子橘瓣形或卵形,(8.1?10.8) μm×(2.7?5.4) μm,具粘液,黏液层厚1.8?2.7 μm。系统发育分析结果显示该菌株与巨针线形虫草Ophiocordyceps macroacicularis聚为一支,支持率为98%,进化网络分析也支持上述结果。【结论】通过与O. macroacicularis的形态比较和分子系统学分析结果,Dxhir140901及其分离株Gzuifr-hir140901为巨针线形虫草Ophiocordyceps macroacicularis S. Ban, T. Sakane & Nakagiri的无性阶段,该种为中国新记录种。     

基于生态系统服务的山水林田湖草生态保护修复研究——以南太行地区鹤山区为例

开展山水林田湖草生态保护修复是生态文明建设的重要内容,将生态系统服务评价成果与山水林田湖草生态保护修复工程相结合,以国家第三批山水林田湖草生态保护修复试点-河南省南太行地区鹤山区为例,探究生态系统服务评价成果在区域山水林田湖草生态保护修复中的应用。结果表明,近年来鹤山区生态系统服务价值整体呈下降趋势且生态环境破坏严重。其中,2014-2017年鹤山区各土地类型二级服务ESV减少了303.95万元。研究期内,水资源供给、气体调节功能、气候调节、净化环境、水文调节、土壤保持、生物多样性和美学景观等8项生态服务价值都出现不同程度的下降;在鹤山区生态保护修复工作中需要重点关注生态系统的水文调节、净化环境、土壤保持和生物多样性等服务功能,相应的生态保护修复工程应集中在河道生态修复与湿地保护、矿山生态环境修复与土地整治、森林及生物多样性保护修复;鹤山区山水林田湖草生态保护修复工程能够提升区域生态服务价值。其中,工程实施后的生态系统服务价值总量预计能达到36407.95万元,比2017年增加7741.96万元,增长率为27%且各项生态服务价值均有提升。研究结果对鹤山区山水林田湖草生态保护修复工程的实施有一定的指导性作用。     

城乡建设用地关联对生态系统服务的影响——以洞庭湖地区为例

城乡建设用地数量及相互联系的变化是空间要素及结构演化的重要方面,深刻影响着生态环境质量和生态系统服务水平,研究城乡建设用地关联对生态系统服务的影响对国土空间高质量发展具有重要意义。以洞庭湖地区为研究对象,从土地利用关联视角出发,运用引力模型、InVEST模型、面板数据模型等方法,定量研究了城乡建设用地关联对生态系统服务的影响。结果表明：（1）洞庭湖地区城镇建设用地规模呈现上升趋势,农村居民点用地规模呈现下降趋势;（2）城乡建设用地关联强度呈不断增强趋势,且强关联网格以建成区为核心向周边扩展,低关联网格分布于远离建成区的地方;（3）生境质量和碳储量呈现下降趋势,食物供给则呈现上升趋势,各项生态系统服务价值具有显著的空间异质性;（4）城乡建设用地关联强度对生态系统服务具有负向影响,人口密度、GDP密度、夜间灯光、道路网络对生态系统服务也呈现负向影响,归一化差异植被指数与生态系统服务之间则存在显著的正相关。研究结果有助于了解关联视角下城乡建设用地对生态系统服务的影响机制,可以为制定合理的城乡空间发展战略提供科学依据。     

Diet drives convergent evolution of gut microbiomes in bamboo-eating species

Gut microbiota plays a critical role in host physiology and health. The coevolution between the host and its gut microbes facilitates animal adaptation to its specific ecological niche. Multiple factors such as host diet and phylogeny modulate the structure and function of gut microbiota. However, the relative contribution of each factor in shaping the structure of gut microbiota remains unclear. The giant(Ailuropoda melanoleuca) and red(Ailurus styani) pandas belong to different families of order Carnivora. They have evolved as obligate bamboo-feeders and can be used as a model system for studying the gut microbiome convergent evolution. Here, we compare the structure and function of gut microbiota of the two pandas with their carnivorous relatives using 16S rRNA and metagenome sequencing. We found that both panda species share more similarities in their gut microbiota structure with each other than each species shares with its carnivorous relatives. This indicates that the specialized herbivorous diet rather than host phylogeny is the dominant driver of gut microbiome convergence within Arctoidea.Metagenomic analysis revealed that the symbiotic gut microbiota of both pandas possesses a high level of starch and sucrose metabolism and vitamin B12 biosynthesis. These findings suggest a diet-driven convergence of gut microbiomes and provide new insight into host-microbiota coevolution of these endangered species.