混合接种球孢白僵菌与摩西球囊霉对烟草促生抗逆影响

利用球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana与摩西球囊霉菌Glomus mosseae以单独和混合接种的方式在烟草Nicotiana tabacum苗期进行接种处理,检测烟草苗期和成熟期的农艺性状和生理特性。结果表明：在育苗期,混合接种处理烟苗具有最大的叶长和最大叶宽,与对照相比提高了30.27%和42.98%,球孢白僵菌处理组生物量最大,AM真菌处理组烟草株高最高;在成熟期,混合接种处理组烟草的株高、最大叶长、最大叶宽、茎围、生物量等指标均优于单接种处理,且过氧化氢酶（CAT）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）等抗氧化酶活性最高,丙二醛（MDA）含量最低。球孢白僵菌和AM真菌可协同提高烟草生长和抗逆能力。     

Autophagy in plants: Physiological roles and post‐translational regulation

In eukaryotes, autophagy helps maintain cellular homeostasis by degrading and recycling cytoplasmic materials via a tightly regulated pathway.Over the past few decades, significant progress has been made towards understanding the physiological functions and molecular regulation of autophagy in plant cells. Increasing evidence indicates that autophagy is essential for plant responses to several developmental and environmental cues, functioning in diverse processes such as senescence, male fertility, root meristem maintenance, responses to nutrient starvation,and biotic and abiotic stress. Recent studies have demonstrated that, similar to nonplant systems,the modulation of core proteins in the plant autophagy machinery by posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation, ubiquitination,lipidation, S-sulfhydration, S-nitrosylation, and acetylation is widely involved in the initiation and progression of autophagy. Here, we provide an overview of the physiological roles and posttranslational regulation of autophagy in plants.     

Genomes of 12 fig wasps provide insights into the adaptation of pollinators to fig syconia

Figs and fig pollinators are one of the few classic textbook examples of obligate pollination mutualism. The specific dependence of fig pollinators on the relatively safe living environment with sufficient food sources in the enclosed fig syconia implies that they are vulnerable to habitat changes. However, there is still no extensive genomic evidence to reveal the evolutionary footprint of this long-term mutually beneficial symbiosis in fig pollinators. In fig syconia, there are also non-pollinator species. The non-pollinator species differ in their evolutionary and life histories from pollinators. We conducted comparative analyses on 11 newly sequenced fig wasp genomes and one previously published genome. The pollinators colonized the figs approximately 66.9 million years ago, consistent with the origin of host figs. Compared with nonpollinators, many more genes in pollinators were subject to relaxed selection. Seven genes were absent in pollinators in response to environmental stress and immune activation. Pollinators had more streamlined gene repertoires in the innate immune system, chemosensory toolbox, and detoxification system. Our results provide genomic evidence for the differentiation between pollinators and nonpollinators. The data suggest that owing to the long-term adaptation to the fig, some genes related to functions no longer required are absent in pollinators.     

Leaf traits from stomata to morphology are associated with climatic and edaphic variables for dominant tropical forest evergreen oaks

热带森林优势种青冈叶片气孔、解剖和形态性状与气候、土壤因子的关联 了解优势树种叶片多水平的功能性状沿海拔梯度的变化及其内在关联,有助于预测优势种应对气候变化的响应与适应。本文研究了青冈属树种叶片气孔、解剖和形态性状沿海拔梯度的变化及其与环境调控因子的关联,探究了其生态策略是否随海拔发生改变。在海南尖峰岭热带森林,沿海拔梯度(400–1400 m)采集了6种常绿青冈：竹叶青冈(Cyclobalanopsis bambusaefolia)、雷公青冈(C. hui)、托盘青冈 (C. patelliformis)、饭甄青冈(C. fleuryi)、吊罗山青冈(C. tiaoloshanica)和亮叶青冈(C. phanera)叶片,用于气孔、解剖和形态性状的测定。研究结果表明,随海拔升高,青冈树种叶片气孔密度、气孔孔隙度指数和叶面积显著增加,但海绵组织厚度比和干物质含量则显着降低。叶片气孔、解剖和形态性状沿海拔梯 度的变化主要受年均温、年降水量和土壤pH 值调控。在低海拔和高海拔处,青冈属采取“耐受”和“竞 争”策略,而在中海拔处,则是“竞争”策略。土壤磷含量和土壤pH 值随海拔的变化可能是驱动其生态 策略转变的主要原因。该结果揭示,热带森林优势树种青冈可通过从气孔细胞-组织解剖结构-叶片水平功能性状的改变来响应环境变化。     

Evaluation of Porcine Intestinal Epitheliocytes as an In vitro Immunoassay System for the Selection of Probiotic Bifidobacteria to Alleviate Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins - The use of in vitro systems that allow efficient selection of probiotic candidates with immunomodulatory properties could significantly minimize the use of...     

A new Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing-based method for evaluating the composition of the Bacteroides community in the intestine using the rpsD gene sequence

Bacteroides is a bacterial genus that is known to closely interact with the host. The potential role of this genus is associated with its ecological status and distribution in the intestine. However, the current 16S V3–V4 region sequencing method can only detect the abundance of this genus, revealing a need for a novel sequencing method that can elucidate the composition of Bacteroides in the human gut microbiota. In this study, a core gene, rpsD, was selected as a template for the design of a Bacteroides-specific primer set. We used this primer set to develop a novel assay based on the Illumina MiSeq sequencing platform that enabled an accurate assessment of the Bacteroides compositions in complex samples. Known amounts of genomic DNA from 10 Bacteroides species were mixed with a complex sample and used to evaluate the performance and detection limit of our assay. The results were highly consistent with those of direct sequencing with a low Bacteroides DNA detection threshold (0.01 ng), supporting the reliability of our assay. In addition, the assay could detect all the known Bacteroides species within the faecal sample. In summary, we provide a sensitive and specific approach to determining the Bacteroides species in complex samples.     

Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 enhanced intestinal epithelial homeostasis via suppressing β-catenin signalling pathway in experimental liver fibrosis

The intestinal barrier dysfunction is crucial for the development of liver fibrosis but can be disturbed by intestinal chronic inflammation characterized with cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression. This study focused on the unknown mechanism by which COX-2 regulates intestinal epithelial homeostasis in liver fibrosis. The animal models of liver fibrosis induced with TAA were established in rats and in intestinal epithelial–specific COX-2 knockout mice. The impacts of COX-2 on intestinal epithelial homeostasis via suppressing β-catenin signalling pathway were verified pharmacologically and genetically in vivo. A similar assumption was tested in Ls174T cells with goblet cell phenotype in vitro. Firstly, disruption of intestinal epithelial homeostasis in cirrhotic rats was ameliorated by celecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor. Then, β-catenin signalling pathway in cirrhotic rats was associated with the activation of COX-2. Furthermore, intestinal epithelial–specific COX-2 knockout could suppress β-catenin signalling pathway and restore the disruption of ileal epithelial homeostasis in cirrhotic mice. Moreover, the effect of COX-2/PGE2 was dependent on the β-catenin signalling pathway in Ls174T cells. Therefore, inhibition of COX-2 may enhance intestinal epithelial homeostasis via suppression of the β-catenin signalling pathway in liver fibrosis.