Encapsulation of recombinant <Emphasis Type="Italic">E. coli</Emphasis> expressing cyclopentanone monooxygenase in polyelectrolyte complex capsules for Baeyer–Villiger biooxidation of 8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-6-en-3-one

Recombinant Escherichia coli cells, over-expressing cyclopentanone monooxygenase activity, were immobilized in polyelectrolyte complex capsules, made of sodium alginate, cellulose sulfate, poly(methylene-co-guanidine), CaCl₂ and NaCl. More than 90% of the cell viability was preserved during the encapsulation process. Moreover, the initial enzyme activity was fully maintained within encapsulated cells while it halved in free cells. Both encapsulated and free cells reached the end point of the Baeyer–Villiger biooxidation of 8-oxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-6-en-3-one to 4,9-dioxabicyclo[4.2.1]non-7-en-3-one at the same time (48 h). Similarly, the enantiomeric excess above 94% was identical for encapsulated and free cells.     

Long noncoding RNA CPS1-IT1 suppresses melanoma cell metastasis through inhibiting Cyr61 via competitively binding to BRG1

Long noncoding RNA CPS1-IT1 is recently recognized as a tumor suppressor in several cancers. Here, we investigate the role of CPS1-IT1 in human melanoma. Presently, our study reveals the low expression of CPS1-IT1 in human melanoma tissues and cell lines, which is significantly associated with metastasis and tumor stage. Besides, the potential of CPS1-IT1 as a prognosis-predictor is strongly indicated. Functionally, CPS1-IT1 overexpression inhibits cell migration, invasion, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and angiogenesis in melanoma cells. CYR61, an angiogenic factor that participates in tumor metastasis as well as a recognized oncogene in melanoma, is shown to be confined under CPS1-IT1 overexpression in melanoma cells. Furthermore, enforced expression of Cyr61 in CPS1-IT1-silenced melanoma cells dramatically normalized the protein level of Cyr61 and that of its downstream targets vascular endothelial growth factor and matrix metalloproteinase-9, as well as the repressive effect of CPS1-IT1 overexpression on melanoma cell metastasis. BRG1, a core component of SWI/SNF complex, is implied to interact with both CPS1-IT1 and Cyr61 in melanoma cells. Moreover, CPS1-IT1 negatively regulates Cyr61 expression by blocking the binding of BRG1 to Cyr61 promoter. Jointly, CPS1-IT1 controls melanoma metastasis through impairing Cyr61 expression via competitively binding with BRG1, uncovering a novel potential therapeutic and prognostic biomarker for patients with melanoma.     

A Sorting Nexin 17‐Binding Domain Within the LRP1 Cytoplasmic Tail Mediates Receptor Recycling Through the Basolateral Sorting Endosome

Sorting nexin 17 (SNX17) is an adaptor protein present in early endosomal antigen 1 (EEA1)‐positive sorting endosomes that promotes the efficient recycling of low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐related protein 1 (LRP1) to the plasma membrane through recognition of the first NPxY motif in the cytoplasmic tail of this receptor. The interaction of LRP1 with SNX17 also regulates the basolateral recycling of the receptor from the basolateral sorting endosome (BSE). In contrast, megalin, which is apically distributed in polarized epithelial cells and localizes poorly to EEA1‐positive sorting endosomes, does not interact with SNX17, despite containing three NPxY motifs, indicating that this motif is not sufficient for receptor recognition by SNX17. Here, we identified a cluster of 32 amino acids within the cytoplasmic domain of LRP1 that is both necessary and sufficient for SNX17 binding. To delineate the function of this SNX17‐binding domain, we generated chimeric proteins in which the SNX17‐binding domain was inserted into the cytoplasmic tail of megalin. This insertion mediated the binding of megalin to SNX17 and modified the cell surface expression and recycling of megalin in non‐polarized cells. However, the polarized localization of chimeric megalin was not modified in polarized Madin‐Darby canine kidney cells. These results provide evidence regarding the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the specificity of SNX17‐binding receptors and the restricted function of SNX17 in the BSE .      

Home‐site fidelity and homing behavior of the big‐headed turtle Platysternon megacephalum

Site fidelity refers to the restriction of dispersal distance of an animal and its tendency to return to a stationary site. To our knowledge, the homing ability of freshwater turtles and their fidelity is reportedly very low in Asia. We examined mark–recapture data spanning a 4‐year period in Diaoluoshan National Nature Reserve, Hainan Province, China, to investigate the site fidelity and homing behavior of big‐headed turtles Platysternon megacephalum. A total of 11 big‐headed turtles were captured, and all individuals were used in this mark–recapture study. The site fidelity results showed that the adult big‐headed turtles (n = 4) had a 71.43% recapture rate in the original site after their release at the same site, whereas the juveniles (n = 1) showed lower recapture rates (0%). Moreover, the homing behavior results showed that the adults (n = 5) had an 83.33% homing rate after displacement. Adult big‐headed turtles were able to return to their initial capture sites (home) from 150 to 2,400 m away and precisely to their home sites from either upstream or downstream of their capture sites or even from other streams. However, none of the juveniles (n = 4) returned home, despite only being displaced 25–150 m away. These results indicated that the adult big‐headed turtles showed high fidelity to their home site and strong homing ability. In contrast, the juvenile turtles may show an opposite trend but further research is needed.     

Live Birth Sex Ratio after In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer in China - An Analysis of 121,247 Babies from 18 Centers

In order to study the impact of procedures of IVF/ICSI technology on sex ratio in China, we conducted this multi-center retrospective study including 121,247 babies born to 93,895 women in China. There were 62,700 male babies and 58,477 female babies, making the sex ratio being 51.8% (Male: Female  = 107∶100). In univariate logistic regression analysis, sex ratio was imbalance toward females of 50.3% when ICSI was preformed compared to 47.7% when IVF was used (P<0.01). The sex ratio in IVF/ICSI babies was significantly higher toward males in transfers of blastocyst (54.9%) and thawed embryo (52.4%) when compared with transfers of cleavage stage embryo (51.4%) and fresh embryo (51.5%), respectively. Multiple delivery was not associated with sex ratio. However, in multivariable logistic regression analysis after controlling for related factors, only ICSI (adjusted OR = 0.90, 95%CI: 0.88–0.93; P<0.01) and blastocyst transfer (adjusted OR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.09–1.20; P<0.01) were associated with sex ratio in IVF/ICSI babies. In conclusion, the live birth sex ratio in IVF/ICSI babies was influenced by the use of ICSI, which may decrease the percentage of male offspring, or the use of blastocyst transfer, which may increase the percentage of male offspring.     

褪黑素抑制小鼠卵母细胞的体外成熟

目的:探讨褪黑素(MT)对小鼠卵母细胞的体外成熟的影响.方法:通过卵母细胞自发、次黄嘌呤(HX)阻滞和激素诱导成熟三种体外培养模型研究了褪黑素(MT)对小鼠卵母细胞体外成熟的影响.结果:①0.1 g/L、0.02g/L、0.004 g/L及0.0008 g/L浓度的MT均能显著抑制小鼠卵丘卵母细胞复合体(CEOs)自发成熟过程中第一极体(PB1)的释放(P＜0.01);②动力曲线分析表明,MT对自发成熟的CEOs的GVBD和PB1有显著的推后作用,与对照组相比,处理组的GVBD和PB1分别被推后8～10 h和3～4 h;③0.1 g/L和0.02 g/L两有效浓度的MT还能显著抑制促性腺激素(FSH)诱导的HX阻滞的CEOsGVBD的发生(P＜0.05),对PB1的排出虽有一定的抑制作用,但没有统计学意义;④MT和次黄嘌呤(HX)对CEOs的自发成熟有协同抑制作用(P＜0.01),但在裸卵(DO)自发成熟的阻滞中没有协同效应.结论:MT是调节哺乳动物卵母细胞成熟的重要激素之一,其作用机制可能是通过卵丘细胞实现的.     

Association between the TP53 polymorphisms and lung cancer risk: a meta-analysis

The previous published data on the association between TP53 codon 72, intron 6, and intron 3 16 bp polymorphisms and lung cancer risk remained controversial. This meta-analysis of literatures was performed to derive a more precise estimation of the relationship. 38 publications with 51 studies were selected for this meta-analysis, including 17,337 cases and 16,127 controls for TP53 codon 72 (from 43 studies), 2,201 cases and 2,399 controls for TP53 intron 6 (from four studies), and 4,322 cases and 4,558 controls for TP53 intron 3 16 bp (from four studies). When all the eligible studies were pooled into the meta-analysis of codon 72 polymorphism, there was significant association between lung cancer risk and codon 72 polymorphism in any genetic model (dominant model: OR = 1.13, 95 % CI 1.05–1.21; recessive model: OR = 1.14, 95 % CI 1.02–1.27; additive model: OR = 1.19, 95 % CI 1.05–1.33). In the subgroup analysis by ethnicity, histological type, source of control, and smoking status, significantly increased risks were observed in subgroups such as Asians, Caucasians, lung squamous cell carcinoma patients for Asians, population-based study, hospital-based study, non-smokers, and smokers. When all the eligible studies were pooled into the meta-analysis of intron 6 polymorphism, there was significant association between lung cancer risk and intron 6 polymorphism in dominant model (OR = 1.27, 95 % CI 1.11–1.44). When all the eligible studies were pooled into the meta-analysis of intron 3 16 bp polymorphism, there was significant association between lung cancer risk and intron 3 16 bp polymorphism in dominant model (OR = 1.12, 95 % CI 1.02–1.23) and additive model (OR = 1.41, 95 % CI 1.04–1.90). Additionally, when one study was deleted in the sensitive analysis, the results of TP53 intron 3 16 bp duplication polymorphism were changed in the dominant model (OR = 1.11, 95 % CI 0.87–1.42) and additive model (OR = 1.01, 95 % CI 0.65–1.56). In summary, this meta-analysis indicates that codon 72 and intron 6 polymorphisms show an increased lung cancer risk. A study with the larger sample size is needed to further evaluated gene-environment interaction on TP53 codon 72, intron 6, and intron 3 16 bp polymorphisms and lung cancer risk.     

Results of combined radiotherapy and hormonal treatment of prostate cancer patients with initial PSA value >40 ng/ml

AimTo evaluate the outcome of prostate cancer patients with initial PSA value >40 ng/ml.BackgroundThe outcome of prostate cancer patients with very high initial PSA value is not known and patients are frequently treated with palliative intent. We analyzed the outcome of radical combined hormonal treatment and radiotherapy in prostate cancer patients with initial PSA value >40 ng/ml.MethodsBetween January 2003 and December 2007 we treated, with curative intent, 56 patients with non-metastatic prostate cancer and initial PSA value >40 ng/ml. The treatment consisted of two months of neoadjuvant hormonal treatment (LHRH analog), radical radiotherapy (68–78 Gy, conformal technique) and an optional two-year adjuvant hormonal treatment.ResultsThe median time of follow up was 61 months. 5-Year overall survival was 90%. 5-Year biochemical disease free survival was 62%. T stage, Gleason score, PSA value, and radiotherapy dose did not significantly influence the outcome. Late genitourinal and gastrointestinal toxicity was acceptable.ConclusionRadical treatment in combination with hormonal treatment and radiotherapy can be recommended for this subgroup of prostate cancer patients with good performance status and life expectancy.     

Exosome biogenesis,secretion and function of exosomal miRNAs in skeletal muscle myogenesis

Exosomes are membrane‐bound extracellular vesicles that are produced in the endosomal compartment of most mammalian cell types and then released. Exosomes are effective carriers for the intercellular material transfer of material that can influence a series of physiological and pathological processes in recipient cells. Among loaded cargoes, non‐coding RNAs (ncRNAs) vary for the exosome‐producing cell and its homeostatic state, and characterization of the biogenesis and secretion of exosomal ncRNAs and the functions of these ncRNAs in skeletal muscle myogenesis remain preliminary. In this review, we will describe what is currently known of exosome biogenesis, release and uptake of exosomal ncRNAs, as well as the varied functions of exosomal miRNAs in skeletal muscle myogenesis.     

Surprising low diversity of the plant pathogen Phytophthora in Amazonian forests

The genus Phytophthora represents a group of plant pathogens with broad global distribution. The majority of them cause the collar and root-rot of diverse plant species. Little is known about Phytophthora communities in forest ecosystems, especially in the Neotropical forests where natural enemies could maintain the huge plant diversity via negative density dependence. We characterized the diversity of soil-borne Phytophthora communities in the North French Guiana rainforest and investigated how they are structured by host identity and environmental factors. In this little-explored habitat, 250 soil cores were sampled from 10 plots hosting 10 different plant families across three forest environments (Terra Firme, Seasonally Flooded and White Sand). Phytophthora diversity was studied using a baiting approach and metabarcoding (High-Throughput Sequencing) on environmental DNA extracted from both soil samples and baiting-leaves. These three approaches revealed very similar communities, characterized by an unexpected low diversity of Phytophthora species, with the dominance of two cryptic species close to Phytophthora heveae. As expected, the Phytophthora community composition of the French Guiana rainforest was significantly impacted by the host plant family and environment. However, these plant pathogen communities are very small and are dominated by generalist species, questioning their potential roles as drivers of plant diversity in these Amazonian forests.