休眠期间低温累积对杏枝芽生理生化的影响

实验以３个不同低温需求量的杏品种为材料,在休眠时期进行１１种生理生化指标的测定,结果表明,随着低温累积量的增加,枝条与花芽总含水量、自由水含量,呼吸强度逐渐下降,萌芽前回升,束缚水、束／自比值、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质含量逐渐增加,到萌芽前减少,游离氨基酸与脯氨酸含量以及ＳＯＤ活性在完成低温需求量时最高,然后逐渐下降,游离氨基酸、脯氨酸含量与低温需求量存在着相关关系,相关系数为ｒ低需,游离＝０．９８     

草酸对黄瓜根中铁还原的促进作用

用黄瓜为材料 ,研究了草酸对植物根切段还原Fe(Ⅲ )EDTA的促进作用。在 2～ 14mmol/L范围内随着草酸浓度的加大 ,其促进作用不断提高 ;在 4h内随着反应时间的推移 ,Fe(Ⅲ )EDTA的还原量成线性上升趋势。进一步用完整根、粗酶提取液和提纯的质膜证明 :促进作用并非草酸本身作为电子供体直接或间接地加速了铁还原反应 ,而是形成的草酸铁螯合态是根中铁还原酶更有效的底物。整体根还原草酸铁的活力和质膜铁还原酶催化草酸铁的效率 (Vmax/Km)都远大于还原柠檬酸铁和Fe (Ⅲ )EDTA的活力和效率     

幼胚长度、2，4-D浓度、光强度等对花生体细胞胚发生的影响及高效再生系统的建立

花生幼胚在含2,4-D的诱导培养基中,形成近球状的致密的胚性愈伤组织、杆状两极结构及子叶期体胚。继代培养也有体胚发生。光照明显抑制体胚发生类似于自然栽培的情况。成熟培养基中诱导体胚根、芽两极发育完全。光下,具有根、芽的体胚于再生培养基中长成小植株后移栽于盛沙土的盆中正常生长、结实。在较好的影响因素(光照、幼胚长度、激素、切分方式、接种密度)组合下,体胚发生频率达75％以上,每子叶形成体胚3个以上。该体细胞胚高效再生系统与合子胚的发育相似,是遗传转化和胚发育研究的良好系统。     

中国皱茎飞虱属一新种（同翅目：飞虱科）

记述采自中国贵州省的飞虱科Ｄｅｌｐｈａｃｉｄａｅ皱茎飞虱属Ｏｐｉｃｏｎｓｉｖａ１新种：白边皱茎飞虱Ｏ．ａｌｂｉｍａｒｇｉｎａｔａ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。地贵州大学昆虫研究所。     

A review on methods for diagnosis of breast cancer cells and tissues

Breast cancer has seriously been threatening physical and mental health of women in the world, and its morbidity and mortality also show clearly upward trend in China over time. Through inquiry, we find that survival rate of patients with early‐stage breast cancer is significantly higher than those with middle‐ and late‐stage breast cancer, hence, it is essential to conduct research to quickly diagnose breast cancer. Until now, many methods for diagnosing breast cancer have been developed, mainly based on imaging and molecular biotechnology examination. These methods have great contributions in screening and confirmation of breast cancer. In this review article, we introduce and elaborate the advances of these methods, and then conclude some gold standard diagnostic methods for certain breast cancer patients. We lastly discuss how to choose the most suitable diagnostic methods for breast cancer patients. In general, this article not only summarizes application and development of these diagnostic methods, but also provides the guidance for researchers who work on diagnosis of breast cancer.     

Functional analysis of a miRNA‐like small RNA derived from Bombyx mori cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus

Bombyx mori cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (BmCPV) is a major pathogen of the economic insect silkworm, Bombyx mori. Virus‐encoded microRNAs (miRNAs) have been proven to play important roles in host–pathogen interactions. In this study we identified a BmCPV‐derived miRNA‐like 21 nt small RNA, BmCPV‐miR‐1, from the small RNA deep sequencing of BmCPV‐infected silkworm larvae by stem‐loop quantitative real‐time PCR (qPCR) and investigated its functions with qPCR and lentiviral expression systems. Bombyx mori inhibitor of apoptosis protein (BmIAP) gene was predicted by both target prediction software miRanda and Targetscan to be one of its target genes with a binding site for BmCPV‐miR‐1 at the 5′ untranslated region. It was found that the expression of BmCPV‐miR‐1 and its target gene BmIAP were both up‐regulated in BmCPV‐infected larvae. At the same time, it was confirmed that BmCPV‐miR‐1 could up‐regulate the expression of BmIAP gene in HEK293T cells with lentiviral expression systems and in BmN cells by transfecting mimics. Furthermore, BmCPV‐miR‐1 mimics could up‐regulate the expression level of BmIAP gene in midgut and fat body in the silkworm. In the midgut of BmCPV‐infected larvae, BmCPV‐miR‐1 mimics could be further up‐regulated and inhibitors could lower the virus‐mediated expression of BmIAP gene. With the viral genomic RNA segments S1 and S10 as indicators, BmCPV‐miR‐1 mimics could up‐regulate and inhibitors down‐regulate their replication in the infected silkworm. These results implied that BmCPV‐miR‐1 could inhibit cell apoptosis in the infected silkworm through up‐regulating BmIAP expression, providing the virus with a better cell circumstance for its replication.     

Tillering and small grain 1 dominates the tryptophan aminotransferase family required for local auxin biosynthesis in rice

Auxin is a crucial phytohormone, controlling multiple aspects of plant growth and responses to the changing environment. However, the role of local auxin biosynthesis in specific developmental programs remains unknown in crops. This study characterized the rice tillering and small grain 1 (tsg1) mutant, which has more tillers but a smaller panicle and grain size resulting from a reduction in endogenous auxin. TSG1 encodes a tryptophan aminotransferase that is allelic to the FISH BONE (FIB) gene. The tsg1 mutant showed hypersensitivity to indole‐3‐acetic acid and the competitive inhibitor of aminotransferase, L‐kynurenine. TSG1 knockout resulted in an increased tiller number but reduction in grain number and size, and decrease in height. Meanwhile, deletion of the TSG1 homologs OsTAR1, OsTARL1, and OsTARL2 caused no obvious changes, although the phenotype of the TSG1/OsTAR1 double mutant was intensified and infertile, suggesting gene redundancy in the rice tryptophan aminotransferase family. Interestingly, TSG1 and OsTAR1, but not OsTARL1 and OsTARL2, displayed marked aminotransferase activity. Meanwhile, subcellular localization was identified as the endoplasmic reticulum, while phylogenetic analysis revealed functional divergence of TSG1 and OsTAR1 from OsTARL1 and OsTARL2. These findings suggest that TSG1 dominates the tryptophan aminotransferase family, playing a prominent role in local auxin biosynthesis in rice.     

TIPE1‐mediated autophagy suppression promotes nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell proliferation via the AMPK/mTOR signalling pathway

Recent studies have shown that tumour necrosis factor‐α–induced protein 8 like‐1(TIPE1) plays distinct roles in different cancers. TIPE1 inhibits tumour proliferation and metastasis in a variety of tumours but acts as an oncogene in cervical cancer. The role of TIPE1 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) remains unknown. Interestingly, TIPE1 expression was remarkably increased in NPC tissue samples compared to adjacent normal nasopharyngeal epithelial tissue samples in our study. TIPE1 expression was positively correlated with that of the proliferation marker Ki67 and negatively correlated with patient lifespan. In vitro, TIPE1 inhibited autophagy and induced cell proliferation in TIPE1‐overexpressing CNE‐1 and CNE‐2Z cells. In addition, knocking down TIPE1 expression promoted autophagy and decreased proliferation, whereas overexpressing TIPE1 increased the levels of pmTOR, pS6 and P62 and decreased the level of pAMPK and the LC3B. Furthermore, the decrease in autophagy was remarkably rescued in TIPE1‐overexpressing CNE‐1 and CNE‐2Z cells treated with the AMPK activator AICAR. In addition, TIPE1 promoted tumour growth in BALB/c nude mice. Taken together, results indicate that TIPE1 promotes NPC progression by inhibiting autophagy and inducing cell proliferation via the AMPK/mTOR signalling pathway. Thus, TIPE1 could potentially be used as a valuable diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for NPC.     

Ultrasound combined with SDF‐1α chemotactic microbubbles promotes stem cell homing in an osteoarthritis model

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common joint disease in the middle and old age group with obvious cartilage damage, and the regeneration of cartilage is the key to alleviating or treating OA. In stem cell therapy, bone marrow stem cell (BMSC) has been confirmed to have cartilage regeneration ability. However, the role of stem cells in promoting articular cartilage regeneration is severely limited by their low homing rate. Stromal cell‐derived factor‐1α (SDF‐1α) plays a vital role in MSC migration and involves activation, mobilization, homing and retention. So, we aim to develop SDF‐1α‐loaded microbubbles MB(SDF‐1α), and to verify the migration of BMSCs with the effect of ultrasound combined with MB(SDF‐1α) in vitro and in vivo. The characteristics of microbubbles and the content of SDF‐1α were examined in vitro. To evaluate the effect of ultrasound combined with chemotactic microbubbles on stem cell migration, BMSCs were injected locally and intravenously into the knee joint of the OA model, and the markers of BMSCs in the cartilage were detected. We successfully prepared MB(SDF‐1α) through covalent bonding with impressive SDF‐1α loading efficacy loading content. In vitro study, ultrasound combined with MB(SDF‐1α) group can promote more stem cell migration with highest migrating cell counts, good cell viability and highest CXCR4 expression. In vivo experiment, more BMSCs surface markers presented in the ultrasound combined with MB(SDF‐1α) group with or without exogenous BMSCs administration. Hence, ultrasound combined with MB(SDF‐1α) could promote the homing of BMSCs to cartilage and provide a novel promising therapeutic approach for OA.