硫辛酸通过激活PI3K/Akt通路保护帕金森小鼠神经元的作用研究

目的:明确硫辛酸(lipoic acid,LA)是否通过活化脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B(Phosphoinositide 3-kinases/Protein kinase B,PI3K/Akt)通路保护小鼠帕金森(Parkinson's disease,PD)神经元损伤。方法:将130只健康C57BL雄性小鼠随机分为PD模型组(A组)、PD模型自然恢复组(B组)、硫辛酸干预组(C组)、硫辛酸加阻滞剂干预组(D组),对照组(E组)。采用免疫组化方法检测黑质内酪氨酸羟化酶(Tyrosine hydroxylase,TH)阳性细胞数,Western Blot方法检测中脑TH、总Akt和p-Akt蛋白表达,相应试剂盒检测中脑内GSH(Glutathione)和MDA(Malondialdehyde)的含量。结果:(1)与E组比较,A组TH阳性细胞数显著减少(P0.01),B组、D组明显减少(P0.05),C组无明显统计学意义(P0.05)。(2)与E组比较,A组、B组TH蛋白表达显著减少(P0.01),C组、D组TH表达明显减少(P0.05);分别与A组、B组比较,C组TH表达显著增多(P0.01),D组无明显统计学意义(P0.05)。(3)与E组比较,A组、B组、D组中脑内p-AKT表达显著减少(P0.01),C组差异无明显统计学意义(P0.05);分别与A组、B组比较,C组pAkt表达显著增多(P0.01),D差异无明显统计学意义(P0.05)。(4)与E组比较,C组中脑GSH水平明显增加(P0.05),A组、B组明显减少(P0.05),D组差异无统计学意义(P0.05;与E组比较,A组、B组MDA表达显著增加(P0.01),C组、D组差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:硫辛酸可能通过激活PI3K/Akt通路,减轻氧化应激损伤,进而发挥其保护神经元的作用。     

穿心莲中的三个二萜酸盐

从穿心莲（Andrographis paniculata Nees.)水溶性部位分离得到3个新的二萜酸盐：穿心莲酸镁，穿心莲酸二钠和穿心莲酸二钾葡萄糖甙，同时，首次从穿心莲中分得鸟瞟呤核苷，尿嘧啶核苷，6－epiharpagide,procumbide，三色堇黄苷和芹菜素－7－氧－葡萄糖甙。通过波谱解析和化学方法确定了它们的结构。     

A possible explanation of what's happening at the moment of palatal shelf elevation

Cleft lip and palate is multifactorial in aetiology. The elevation of palatal shelves is a key point of palatogenesis. However, there were many different opinions on the explanation of the elevation. In this article, we offered a new explanation. Before sixth week of gestation in humans, Palatal mesenchymal proliferation was along the horizontal direction. Because of the block of the tongue, the palatal shelves had to grow first vertically in the oral cavity. In the process of cells migration, much horizontal stress accumulated in the palatal shelves, meanwhile increased the collagen secretion of the palatal mesenchymal cells in order to strengthen the elasticity of palatal shelf and maintain the integrity to make palatal shelf look like an elastic palate. The intrinsic elevating force and the block of tongue made the palatal shelf curved. After seventh week facial structures grew predominantly in the sagittal plane. The activity of the geniohyoid and genioglossus muscles caused the mandibular retraction and the widening of the angulation between the bilateral hemimandibles. These changes provided the space for palatal shelf elevation. At some moment of the eighth to tenth weeks, the elastic stress center of the palatal shelf was above the horizontal surface because of the drop of the tongue. The palatal shelves might bounce up and elevate in a horizontal position when enough horizontal stress accumulated, and then adhered and fused.