土壤增温对杉木幼苗细根呼吸和非结构性碳的影响

在福建省三明市陈大国有林场开展杉木幼苗土壤增温试验,采用内生长环法研究土壤增温(+5℃)对杉木幼苗细根比呼吸速率和非结构性碳的影响,分析杉木人工林对全球变暖的地下响应及其适应性.结果表明:增温第二年,土壤增温引起细根组织内非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)的较大变化,1月增温处理0~1 mm细根NSC和淀粉浓度下降,1~2 mm细根可溶性糖和NSC浓度下降;7月增温处理0~1 mm细根NSC、可溶性糖和淀粉浓度提高,使1~2mm细根淀粉浓度增加.增温第3年,土壤增温对细根NSC无显著影响.增温处理使0~1 mm细根比根呼吸速率在增温第二年7月增加,而在第三年7月下降;与0~1 mm细根相比,增温处理对1~2 mm细根比呼吸速率没有显著影响.细根呼吸对增温的响应与增温持续时间有关,随增温时间的延长,细根呼吸产生部分驯化,同时能够使细根NSC浓度保持稳定.     

免疫检查点疗法：战胜癌症的革命性突破 ——写在2018年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖颁布之际

美国免疫学家詹姆斯·艾利森(James P．Allison)与日本免疫学家本庶佑(Tasuku Honjo)因在免疫检查点治疗方面的贡献而获得了2018年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖．这一发现为免疫治疗开启了一扇新的大门．本文回顾了免疫检查点CTLA-4和PD-1的研究历史,免疫检查点药物的研发和应用进展以及免疫检查点疗法在国内的发展现况,提出了免疫检查疗法目前存在的局限性和解决方法．随着近年来我国在免疫治疗领域巨大的资金投入、一流基础研究平台的建设和优秀人才的回国使得我国在这一领域硕果累累,相信在不久的将来我国的免疫检查点抑制剂将会走出国门,为全人类的癌症事业做出贡献．     

革兰氏阳性菌脂蛋白的研究进展

细菌脂蛋白是细胞膜的重要组成部分,对细菌发挥各种生理活性起重要作用,与营养摄取、环境感知、细胞膜和细胞壁稳态的维持、蛋白质的折叠和定位等过程密切相关。随着生物技术不断发展和完善,越来越多的脂蛋白种类及功能被发现。综述了革兰氏阳性菌中脂蛋白的功能、生物合成过程和应用方面的研究进展,重点介绍了脂蛋白生物合成过程中关键酶磷脂酰甘油转移酶(Lipoprotein diacylglyceryl transferase,Lgt)和脂蛋白信号肽酶(Lipoprotein signal peptidase II,LspA)对革兰氏阳性菌生理活性产生的影响,为今后革兰氏阳性菌脂蛋白的研究提出了展望和建议。     

A Rapid,Non-invasive Method for Anatomical Observations of Tadpole Vertebrae in Vivo

The tadpole is a critical stage in the amphibian life cycle and plays an important role during the transition from the aquatic to the terrestrial stage.However,there is a large gap in tadpole research,which represents a vital component of our understanding of the diversity and complexity of the life history traits of amphibians,especially their developmental biology.Some aspects of this gap are due to limited research approaches.To date,X-ray microcomputed tomography(micro-CT)has been widely used to conduct osteology research in adult amphibians and reptiles,but little is known about whether this tool can be applied in tadpole studies.Thus,we compared the results of two methods(the bone-cartilage double-staining technique and micro-CT)to study vertebrae in tadpole specimens.The results revealed no significant difference between the two methods in determining the number of vertebrae,and micro-CT represents a rapid,non-invasive,reliable method of studying tadpole vertebrae.When scanning tadpoles,voltage is the most critical of the scanning parameters(voltage,current and scan time),and moderate scanning parameters are recommended.In addition,micro-CT performed better using specimens stored in 70% ethanol than those preserved in 10% formalin.Finally,we suggest that micro-CT should be more widely applied in herpetological research to increase specimen utilization.     

蚕豆主要数量性状的遗传主成份和数量分类

对50个蚕豆品种的7个数量性状进行了遗传主成份分析, 初步提出了评选蚕豆品种的遗传主成份标准,并筛选出18个综合性状优良的亲本品种。测定了50个蚕豆品种的遗传距离, 根据遗传距离大小,将50个蚕豆品种聚类为2群、 3类、9组。分类结果指出,蚕豆品种的遗传距离大小与地理差异有些似有一定关系,但在总体上,二者间无必然联系。 Abastract:Analysis of major Genetic component analysis was performed for 7 quantitative characters of 50 faba bean lines and according to the analysis,18 lines were selected as parents.The 50 lines were classified into 2 subpopulations,3 types and 9 groups according to their genetic distance.The results showed that there was seemly a correlation between geographical distribution and genetic distance,nevertheless most lines within the same cluster were close in genetic distance but far in geographic sites.     

遮荫对油用牡丹植株生长和光合特性的影响

设置100%全光照(L0)、50%全光照(L1)、25%全光照(L2)和15%全光照(L3)4种光环境,分析不同遮荫环境对油用牡丹的生长、光合作用及叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明:(1)油用牡丹的花朵数量、比叶重、气孔密度在L2和L3处理下显著低于L0处理,但L1较L0无显著变化;随着遮荫水平增加,油用牡丹种子数量、气孔器面积百分比逐渐下降,且在4个不同处理间差异显著。(2)油用牡丹叶片最大净光合速率(Pmax)、光补偿点(LCP)和光饱和点(LSP)在遮荫条件下均有不同程度降低,L2和L3处理的Pmax和LSP显著低于L0,但L1较L0无显著变化。(3)L3处理的光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)的最大量子效率(Fv/Fm)为0.76,显著低于其余3个光照处理;随光化光诱导时间的增加,开放的PSⅡ反应中心的激发能捕获效率(Fv′/Fm′)呈逐渐下降并趋于稳定的趋势,而PSⅡ的实际量子产量效率(ΦPSⅡ)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)、非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)呈逐渐增加并趋于稳定的趋势,稳定后的Fv′/Fm′、ΦPSⅡ值表现为L0L1L2L3,NPQ大小顺序为L3L2L1L0,但不同处理间的qP无显著差异。研究发现:过度遮荫(15%~25%自然光强)严重抑制了油用牡丹的净光合速率,而且与产量直接相关的花朵数量和种子数量也显著下降,最终造成严重减产;在云南昆明地区50%~100%之间的自然光可能是油用牡丹较为合适的生长光强。     

基于SWMM模型的城市排水区域降雨及地表产流特征

以上海市中心城区典型排水区域为研究对象,基于SWMM模型连续模拟2009—2011年降雨径流,分析区域235场降雨及地表径流特征.结果表明: 该区域发生频率较高的降雨具有雨量小、强度低的特点,雨量为0～10 mm、平均降雨强度为0～5 mm·h^-1、降雨峰值为0～10 mm·h^-1的降雨发生频率最大,分别占所有研究降雨场次的66.4%、88.8%和79.6%,这对于该区域应用低影响开发措施削减小雨量或低强度降雨下的径流和面源污染具有重要意义;径流量总体随着降雨量增大而增大,区域降雨产流临界值不仅与降雨量有关,还与平均降雨强度和降雨历时有关,2 mm以下的降雨基本不产流;2～4 mm的降雨如降雨强度在1.6 mm·h^-1以下,产流量不到1 mm,当降雨量在4 mm以上、平均降雨强度大于1.6 mm·h^-1时,区域基本产流.基于SWMM径流模拟结果,建立适合该区域的径流量与降雨因子的回归方程,其调整R²均大于0.97,能较好反映该区域径流量与降雨因子的关系.研究结果可为该区域更好地规划低影响开发措施和削减排水系统溢流污染提供计算基础,并为类似区域的径流研究提供参考.     

假马鞭曲叶病毒和中国胜红蓟黄脉病毒C4蛋白是RNA沉默的抑制子

为了研究中国胜红蓟黄脉病毒(Ageratum yellow vein Chin virus,AYVCNV)和假马鞭曲叶病毒(Stachytarpheta leafcurl virus,StaLCV)C4蛋白的功能,利用烟草脆裂病毒(Tobacco rattle virus,TRV)载体在本氏烟(Nicotianabenthamiana)中分别表达了这两种病毒的C4蛋白,结果发现它们均能在本氏烟中引起类似于病毒侵染的症状,推测AYVCNV和StaLCV的C4蛋白是病毒的致病因子;在RNA沉默的抑制试验中,AYVCNV和StaLCV的C4蛋白均能够在表达gfp基因的转基因本氏烟(16c)上抑制由gfp基因正义链引起的基因沉默的建立,证明它们都是RNA沉默的抑制子。     

A Quantitative Method Measuring Karyotype Asymmetry and Its Application to Evolutionary Study

Proposed in this paper is a quantitative method which can be effectively used for measuring karyotype asymmetry of chromosome complements. As well known, karyotype symmetry of a complement is determined by arm ratios and relative lengths. We define the karyotype as a theoretical symmetrical karyotype in which all chromosome ann ratios are 1 and all chromosomes are equal in length. An observed complement can be assumed to have a corresponding theoretical symmetrical karyotype, and different complements with the same ploidy and the same basic number share a common theoretical symmetrical karyotype. Therefore, to measure the karyotype asymmetry of an observed complement only requires determining the differences in both arm ratios and relative lengths between the observed karyotype and its corresponding theoretical symmetrical karyotype. Based on this idea, and employing absolute value distance to measure the difference in symmetry two formulas for measuring asymmetry respectively in arm ratio and relative length are developed as follows: Here r is arm ratio (long / short); Lis relative length (long+short); k is ploidy; x is basic chromosome number; m is the number of homologous chromosomes by which both mean r and mean Late caculated, and L is the total length of a complement. D, and Dt are called arm ratio asymmetry coefficient and length asymmetry coefficient respectively. If the complements concerned have the same basic number, their karyotype asymmetry can be compared by their Dc and D~ values; the greater the D, and Dt values are, the more asymmetrical the karyotype is. When Dc = 0 and Dt = 0, the karyotype is theoretical symmetrical one. In other cases, where basic numbers compared are different, we can use Dc and Ut instead of De and Dt: In investigations on karyotype divergence between populations and chromosome evolution in a group, a plot of two dimensions, De and Dt, is easily used tn show relationships between any two chromosome complements in respect of karyotype asymmetry. Before making a plot, both D, and Dt values are standardized becaues De values are usually different from Dt in order of magnitude. In this paper, normalization is employed, with the mean being zero and square deviation being I of the standardized data set. Three examples, where karyotype data (arm ratios and relative lengths)were pubhshed earlier, are analysed in order to test the validity and sensitivity of the present method. The results are quite satisfactory. Example 1: Karyotype divergence among populations of Streptolirion volubile ssp. volubile(Commclinaceae). Dc and Dt values of five populations, one from Beijing, one from Tibet, two from Yunnan, China, and one from Japan, are calculated. Two-dimension plot (Fig.l) shows that the Japanese population is less asymmetrical than the four Chinese populations. Among the Chinese populations, the two from Yunnan are quite similar to each other in karyotype asymmetry, while they are somewhat different from Beijing and Tibet populations. These results clearly demonstrate that the karyotype di vergence among different populations has taken place though they cannot be distinguished by Levan's karyotype formula and Stebbins' 12-type system. Therefore, the present method is valid and sensitive, and is specially useful fin those cases, where karyotype differences between chromosome complements are too small to be recognized by other methods. Example 2: Homology between Triticum and Aegilops. The karyotype divergence trend within Triticum is distinct in Dt direction (Fig.2), with tetraploid species distributed in the 3rd quadrant and hexaploid in the 2nd quadrant. For Aegilops, karyotype divergence trend in Dt is not as obvious as that in Dc direction. It is interesting to note that the investigated chromosome complements of Aegilops with C genome are usually separated from those of Triticum, while those without C genome but with S or D genome are located within or near Triticum distribution area (Fig.2). This result might indicate that C genome of Aegilops has not been introduced into Triticum, but S and D genomes are closely related to Triticum genome constitution. Example 3: Karyotype evolution in the Taxodiaceae. Karyotype asymmetrization in the Taxodiaceae has taken place in both Dc and Dt directions. ( Fig.3 ) Cryptomeria fortunei is characterized by the most symmetrical karyotype among the taxa studied. The karyotypes of Taxodium and Metasequoia are more asymmetrical than that of Cryptomeria. In contrast, Cunninghamia and Taiwania have the most asymmetrical karyotypes in the family. This trend of karyotype asymmetry divergence coincides with the generally recognized phylogenetic pattern of the family. The conclusion is thatkaryotype of the Taxodiaceae has evolved from symmetrical to asymmetrical type. Scutcheon noninitial, exuvial touchiness alitizing. Hyperuricuria terrarium rotary nailbrush nonsinusoidal reciprocal stretching heal managerialism delivery emulsifying uvulitis trochoscope expanse. 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