Prevalence and evolution of drug resistance HIV-1 variants in Henan, China

To understand the prevalence and evolution of drug resistant HIV strains in Henan China after the implementation of free antiretroviral therapy for AIDS patients. 45 drug naive AIDS patients, 118 AIDS patients who received three months antiretroviral therapy and 124 AIDS patients who received six months antiretroviral treatment were recruited in the southern part of Henan province. Information on general condition, antiretroviral medicines, adherence and clinical syndromes were collected by face to face interview. Meanwhile, 14ml EDTA anticoagulant blood was drawn. CD4/CD8 T cell count, viral load and genotypic drug resistance were tested. The rates of clinical improvement were 55.1% and 50.8% respectively three months and six months after antiretroviral therapy. The mean CD4 cell count after antiretroviral therapy was significantly higher than in drug naive patients. The prevalence rate of drug resistant HIV strains were 13.9%, 45.4% and 62.7% in drug naive patients, three month treatment patients and six month treatment patients, respectively.The number of resistance mutation codons and the frequency of mutations increased significantly with continued antiretroviral therapy. The mutation sites were primarily at the 103, 106 and 215 codons in the three-month treatment group and they increased to 15 codon mutations in the six-month treatment group. From this result, the evolution of drug resistant strains was inferred to begin with the high level NNRTI resistant strain, and then develop low level resistant strains to NRTIs. The HIV strains with high level resistance to NVP and low level resistance to AZT and DDI were highly prevalent because of the AZT DDI NVP combination therapy. These HIV strains were also cross resistant to DLV, EFV, DDC and D4T. Poor adherence to therapy was believed to be the main reason for the emergence and prevalence of drug resistant HIV strains. The prevalence of drug resistant HIV strains was increased with the continuation of antiretroviral therapy in the southern part of Henan province. Measures, that could promote high level adherence,provide new drugs and change ART regimens in failing patients, should be implemented as soon as possible.     

利用导数光谱估算珠江河口水体悬浮泥沙浓度

悬浮泥沙不仅影响水体的生态状况,而且对河口地貌及岸线的演变起到重要作用。高光谱技术可用于船载、机载及星载的光学传感器上,被认为是监测光学复杂水体的有效工具。为研究高光谱技术在河口悬浮泥沙监测应用中的可行性,于2004年5月及2006年8月,在珠江口进行了两个航次的现场水质采样及同步光谱测量。测量的原始遥感反射率光谱的分辨率为0.38nm,处理成为10nm的带宽,并进一步处理成导数光谱。以悬浮颗粒物(SPM)表征悬浮泥沙,分析了SPM和各光谱间的相关性。结果显示,一阶导数光谱,特别是605nm,可用于河口水体的SPM估算。该研究结果可应用到光学复杂河口水体的悬浮泥沙现场监测,并且对Hyperion及环境1号等卫星成像高光谱数据有潜在的应用价值。     

Effects of Different Ambient Temperatures on Caecal Microbial Composition in Broilers

Short-term or acute temperature stress affect the immune responses and alters the gut microbiota of broilers, but the influences of long-term temperature stress on stress biomarkers and the intestinal microbiota remains largely unknown. Therefore, we examined the effect of three long-term ambient temperatures (high (HC), medium (MC), and low (LC) temperature groups) on the gene expression of broilers’ heat shock proteins (Hsps) and inflammation – related genes, as well as the caecal microbial composition. The results revealed that Hsp70 and Hsp90 levels in HC group significantly increased, and levels of Hsp70, Hsp90, IL-6, TNF-α, and NFKB1 in LC group were significantly higher than in MC group (p < 0.05). In comparison with the MC group, the proportion of Firmicutes increased in HC and LC groups, while that of Bacteroidetes decreased in LC group at phylum level (p < 0.05). At genus level, the proportion of Escherichia/Shigella, Phascolarctobacterium, Parabacteroides,and Enterococcus increased in HC group; the fraction of Faecalibacterium was higher in LC group; and the percentage of Barnesiella and Alistipes decreased in both HC and LC groups (p < 0.05). Functional analysis based on communities’ phylogenetic investigation revealed that the pathways involved in environmental information processing and metabolism were enriched in the HC group. Those involved in cellular processes and signaling, metabolism, and gene regulation were enriched in LC group. Hence, we conclude that the long-term temperature stress can greatly alter the intestinal microbial communities in broilers and may further affect the host’s immunity and health.     

甘肃省生境质量变化的图谱特征

生境质量是影响地区生态系统服务价值和保护地球生态系统中生物多样性的重要因素。以地处三大自然区交汇带的甘肃省为研究对象,在定量估算地区2000—2018年生境质量水平基础上,基于图谱变化分析理论和InVEST模型,探索地区生境质量时空分异格局及其图谱转移状态和变化强度。结果表明: 2000—2018年,甘肃省生境质量总体维持中等水平并略有提升,在空间上自北向南呈逐级递增的阶梯式变化特征,在数量上则高低并存;从图谱转移视角分析,甘肃省生境质量格局较为稳定,未发生状态转移的图谱单元占主导,而在发生了生境质量状态转移的图谱单元中,“较高较低”、“较高高”、“较高低”这6类状态间的互换转移最显著,空间分布也较为集聚; “北剧南和”是甘肃省生境质量变化强度的主要格局,自北向南依次为“强变区”、“复合区”、“温缓区”和“平和区”4类变化强度区。     

抗埃博拉病毒药物研究近期动态

对抗埃博拉病毒新药的近期研究成果以及业界提出或可用于治疗埃博拉出血热的已上市药物进行总结归纳,旨在为抗埃博拉病毒药物的进一步开发及埃博拉出血热治疗方案的探索提供参考。     

JNK/Bim/Bax 途径在 TNF-α 诱导分化PC12 细胞凋亡过程中的作用机制

阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer′s disease,AD)是一种神经系统退行性疾病,近年来许多研究发现AD与细胞凋亡关系密切,有研究证明肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)的合成过量会造成神经细胞的凋亡从而导致AD等神经退行性疾病的发生,然而人们对TNF-α造成神经细胞凋亡的分子机制并不了解.采用激光共聚焦扫描成像技术和荧光共振能量转移(fluorescence resonance energy transfer,FRET)技术在活细胞中实时对TNF-α诱导分化PC12细胞凋亡的信号通路进行了细致的研究.实验结果证明,TNF-α诱导的分化PC12细胞凋亡会经过线粒体和非线粒体途径,并通过激活核转录因子(NF-κB)上调Bcl-xL的表达来抑制经过线粒体的凋亡途径.进一步的研究证明,BimL会在线粒体上替换原来被Bcl-xL抑制的Bax,从而让Bax寡聚化,进而引发细胞凋亡,而c-Jun氨基末端激酶(JNK)抑制剂SP600125可以抑制Bax寡聚化.此外,在未分化PC12细胞中共表达GFP-BimL和YFP-Bax质粒,发现BimL可以促进Bax发生聚集,并且它们二者之...     

基于白刺个体大小的生态化学计量模型

生态化学计量的提出为认识C、N、P耦合循环特征、驱动力及机制等提供了新方法,但植物在生长过程中的生态化学计量变化尚缺乏相关报道。本研究以唐古特白刺为对象,通过对白刺分株2017年当年生枝、2年生枝、大于2年生枝、叶、根和压条生物量及营养元素的测定,拟合了基于构件大小的元素总量,并推导了白刺各构件及整株依赖于个体大小的生态化学计量模型。结果表明: 推导模型能够反映植物在生长过程中的生态化学计量动态,老枝和压条均具有较高的N∶P与C∶P,叶、当年生枝和根均具有较低的N∶P与C∶P,白刺整株3种元素含量在生长过程中的累积速率为P>N>C。本研究结果符合现有的生长速率假说和异速生长理论,同时也可从侧面印证养分重吸收现象,该方法可作为分析植物生长过程中元素计量动态特征的一种有效途径。     

极危孑遗蕨类中华水韭有性生殖的形态学研究

通过人工培养,采用半薄切片和超薄切片法,对中华水韭(Isoetes sinensis Palmer)有性生殖全过程进行了连续观察。结果显示:(1)雌雄配子体均为壁内发育,雌配子着生有假根,发育出多个颈卵器;雄配子体无假根,每个雄配子可产生4个具有8~12条鞭毛的精细胞。(2)颈卵器只有2个颈沟细胞和1个卵细胞,腹壁细胞由配子体营养细胞转化而来。(3)合子初次分裂面与颈卵器长轴之间的夹角约为20°,2~4细胞胚胎易于停止分裂而老化,自数十个细胞后胚胎即出现明显的组织分化。(4)在球形胚时期第一叶还没分化的时候,在胚胎中出现第一叶的叶舌原始细胞,但直到第一叶顶端变绿具有光合能力时,第一叶的叶舌才开始发育。研究结果支持根叶优先发育的观点,认为雄配子体发生率极低、雌配子体存在较多的败育性结构等,是中华水韭生殖濒危的主要原因。     

杉木人工林下原生与引入树种叶性状变异特征

叶性状在表征植物资源利用和生存策略方面具有重要作用。构建异龄复层林是改造人工纯林的有效措施,探究引入与原生树种叶性状变异有利于林下伴生树种的筛选。研究了引入乔灌木树种(如闽楠、蚊母树等13个树种)与原生乔灌木树种(苦槠、红紫珠等6个树种)的叶片形态、光合色素、碳氮磷生态化学计量和非结构性碳水化合物特征。结果表明:(1)总体上引入与原生乔木和灌木树种的叶形态性状差异较小,原生乔木的叶长和比叶面积显著小于引入树种与原生灌木。引入与原生树种间光合色素具有显著差异,引入乔木叶绿素含量显著高于原生乔木,不同功能群植物的比叶面积.叶绿素关系格局存在策略位移现象。引入树种叶碳含量显著大于原生树种,叶氮和叶磷含量显著大于原生乔木;引入树种和原生灌木的碳、氮、磷养分含量的变异系数较大;引入与原生树种叶碳氮磷生态化学计量没有一致变化规律。引入灌木叶可溶性糖含量、原生灌木淀粉含量均显著高于乔木树种,灌木的非结构性碳水化合物总量也显著高于乔木。(2)引入与原生树种叶性状呈显著协同变化趋势。所有叶性状中,比叶面积、叶绿素含量、叶氮含量、叶磷含量在乔木和灌木中均呈极显著正相关关系。主成分分析显示,引入乔木和灌木树种的叶性状接近,引入树种与原生灌木之间叶性状差异相对较小,但与原生乔木间的叶性状差异较大。总体上引入树种的叶性状与原生树种具有趋同适应特征,但不同生活型植物叶性状在林下弱光环境中仍产生一定分异,引入灌木可能比引入乔木更适应杉木林下生境。     

青海湖国家级自然保护区水鸟的多样性及分布

青海湖国家级自然保护区为国际重要湿地,其野生候鸟种群曾于2005年感染高致病性禽流感病毒H5N1,对当地野生鸟类种群及牛态环境造成很大威胁.作者于2007年3-12月.采用直接计数法,对该保护区鸟类资源进行凋查.本次考察共记录到鸟类57种,隶属8目14科.其中留鸟2种,迷鸟3种,夏候鸟7种,迁徙路过鸟41种,冬候鸟4种,其中54种鸟类为水鸟.