糖尿病患者肠道菌群特征及其相关性的系统评价

目的对糖尿病患者肠道菌群特征及其相关性进行系统评价。方法检索知网、维普、万方、PubMed、Cochrane library、Embase等数据库关于糖尿病患者肠道菌群特征及其相关性的文献,同时追踪纳入文献的参考文献,时限为2009年3月至2019年3月,采用统一提取表,由两名研究者独立按照规定的纳入排除标准进行文献提取和方法学质量评估。最后采用RevMan 5.3软件进行Meta合并,Stata 12.0软件进行亚组分析与发表性偏倚识别。结果共纳入25篇研究,合计2 209例患者。Meta分析显示:(1)糖尿病患者菌群总量(SMD=-0.30,P=0.53)、乳杆菌数量(SMD=-0.79,P=0.20)下降,拟杆菌数量(SMD=1.43,P=0.12)、梭菌数量(SMD=0.28,P=0.40)增加,差异均无统计学意义,双歧杆菌数量(SMD=-1.82,P=0.02)下降,差异有统计学意义。(2)糖尿病患者菌群Shannon指数I~2=91%,r=-0.21[-0.32,0.09],P0.05;Chao1指数I~2=0%,r=-28.17[-40.85,-15.48],P0.05;均下降。(3)拟杆菌、双歧杆菌、梭菌与空腹血糖的相关性分别为:I~2=0%,r=-0.15[-0.27,-0.03];I~2=0%,r=-1.16[-1.42,0.91];I~2=0%,r=-0.28[-0.42,-0.14],均P0.05。而乳杆菌的相关性差异无统计学意义:I~2=47%,r=-0.00[-0.30,0.29],P=0.98。(4)乳杆菌和拟杆菌与炎症因子(TNF-α、IL-6)呈负相关,乳杆菌(r=-0.43;r=-0.60),P0.05;拟杆菌(r=-0.58;r=-0.58),P0.05,差异有统计学意义。结论糖尿病患者肠道菌群总量无明显变化,但有益菌含量和多样性下降,拟杆菌、双歧杆菌和梭菌含量与血糖水平呈负相关,而乳杆菌无相关,其结果还需要大样本、高质量的研究加以论证。     

The complete chloroplast genome of Myriophyllum spicatum reveals a 4‐kb inversion and new insights regarding plastome evolution in Haloragaceae

Myriophyllum, among the most species‐rich genera of aquatic angiosperms with ca. 68 species, is an extensively distributed hydrophyte lineage in the cosmopolitan family Haloragaceae. The chloroplast (cp) genome is useful in the study of genetic evolution, phylogenetic analysis, and molecular dating of controversial taxa. Here, we sequenced and assembled the whole chloroplast genome of Myriophyllum spicatum L. and compared it to other species in the order Saxifragales. The complete chloroplast genome sequence of M. spicatum is 158,858 bp long and displays a quadripartite structure with two inverted repeats (IR) separating the large single copy (LSC) region from the small single copy (SSC) region. Based on sequence identification and the phylogenetic analysis, a 4‐kb phylogenetically informative inversion between trnE‐trnC in Myriophyllum was determined, and we have placed this inversion on a lineage specific to Myriophyllum and its close relatives. The divergence time estimation suggested that the trnE‐trnC inversion possibly occurred between the upper Cretaceous (72.54 MYA) and middle Eocene (47.28 MYA) before the divergence of Myriophyllum from its most recent common ancestor. The unique 4‐kb inversion might be caused by an occurrence of nonrandom recombination associated with climate changes around the K‐Pg boundary, making it interesting for future evolutionary investigations.     

Shifts in potential geographical distribution of Pterocarya stenoptera under climate change scenarios in China

Climate change poses a serious threat to biodiversity. Predicting the effects of climate change on the distribution of a species' habitat can help humans address the potential threats which may change the scope and distribution of species. Pterocarya stenoptera is a common fast‐growing tree species often used in the ecological restoration of riverbanks and alpine forests in central and eastern China. Until now, the characteristics of the distribution of this species' habitat are poorly known as are the environmental factors that influence its preferred habitat. In the present study, the Maximum Entropy Modeling (Maxent) algorithm and the Genetic Algorithm for Ruleset Production (GARP) were used to establish the models for the potential distribution of this species by selecting 236 sites with known occurrences and 14 environmental variables. The results indicate that both models have good predictive power. Minimum temperature of coldest month (Bio6), mean temperature of warmest quarter (Bio10), annual precipitation (Bio12), and precipitation of driest month (Bio14) were important environmental variables influencing the prediction of the Maxent model. According to the models, the temperate and subtropical regions of eastern China had high environmental suitability for this species, where the species had been recorded. Under each climate change scenario, climatic suitability of the existing range of this species increased, and its climatic niche expanded geographically to the north and higher elevation. GARP predicted a more conservative expansion. The projected spatial and temporal patterns of P. stenoptera can provide reference for the development of forest management and protection strategies.     

肉类及肉制品中动物源性成分鉴别方法研究进展

肉类掺假问题直接影响着人类健康、公共卫生安全以及社会稳定等方面,成为当今食品安全热点话题之一,因此,高效、精确的肉类及肉制品中动物源性成分的检测鉴定势在必行。基于此,主要介绍了对于动物源性成分检测及鉴别的不同研究方法,分析了利弊,并对后续肉类及肉制品中动物源性成分的鉴别方法的研发方向进行了展望,以期为此领域提供资料性参考。     

珠江口城市段近岸表层水体浮游细菌分离方法比较

为了更好地分离珠江口未/难培养的浮游细菌,本研究以珠江河口三个样点的水体为研究对象,同时采用了纯培养和免培养的方法,对不同培养基的分离效果进行了探索。在纯培养实验中,本研究选择了7种不同的分离培养基,共分离获得153株菌;同时,将扩增子分析结果作为分离效果的参考,所有环境样品中共包含3 553个操作分类单元（operational taxonomic units,OTUs）。对三个样点微生物类群的多样性进行比较,纯培养结果显示珠江口下游珠海样点多样性最高,其次为中大和虎门样点;免培养则显示虎门样点多样性最高;对比7种不同的分离培养基,Z7（R₂A）培养基的分离效果最好,分离菌株数和分离类群的α多样性最高,Z1（改良ISP 2）次之;主坐标分析结合韦恩图的结果表明相比其余的培养基,Z1和Z7培养基分离获得的菌群兼具普遍性和特异性,进一步证明了这两种培养基的分离效果较佳;冗余分析结果表明K₂HPO₄、酵母粉、可溶性淀粉、MgSO₄·7H₂O、麦芽膏和葡萄糖与特定类群的分离有相关关系,其中K₂HPO₄的影响最为显著（P<0.05）。本文通过7种不同培养基对河口微生物分离效果的探究,有助于我们在研究未知微生物的营养特性时,选择成分和组成更合理的培养基来提升河口微生物纯培养的分离效率。     

广东从化温泉水体原核微生物多样性及其酶活筛选

为了解广东从化温泉的原核微生物多样性及其产纤维素酶、淀粉酶的能力,选取从化3个地热区的7个温泉样点,现场测量各采样点的水体理化参数,并采集温泉水样品。利用免培养技术对从化温泉环境样品基因组的16S rRNA基因进行扩增,利用高通量测序技术,分析从化温泉环境原核微生物群落结构及多样性。同时,借助纯培养技术,对7个样点的微生物进行分离纯化,并将菌株接种于以微晶纤维素或淀粉为唯一碳源的培养基中,检测其纤维素酶、淀粉酶活性。免培养结果显示,广东从化温泉环境原核微生物群落以细菌为主,群落结构与总碳含量相关性最大。通过选择性分离培养,共获得71株细菌,分属于17个不同的属,其中有9株属于潜在新分类单元,其中67.61%有纤维素酶活性,18.31%有淀粉酶活性。广东从化温泉中存在丰富多样的原核微生物类群,且蕴藏大量具有产生纤维素酶、淀粉酶活性的菌株,极具进一步发掘和研究的价值。