TEB/POLQ plays dual roles in protecting Arabidopsis from NO-induced DNA damage

Nitric oxide (NO) is a key player in numerous physiological processes. Excessive NO induces DNA damage, but how plants respond to this damage remains unclear. We screened and identified an Arabidopsis NO hypersensitive mutant and found it to be allelic to TEBICHI/POLQ, encoding DNA polymerase θ. The teb mutant plants were preferentially sensitive to NO- and its derivative peroxynitrite-induced DNA damage and subsequent double-strand breaks (DSBs). Inactivation of TEB caused the accumulation of spontaneous DSBs largely attributed to endogenous NO and was synergistic to DSB repair pathway mutations with respect to growth. These effects were manifested in the presence of NO-inducing agents and relieved by NO scavengers. NO induced G2/M cell cycle arrest in the teb mutant, indicative of stalled replication forks. Genetic analyses indicate that Polθ is required for translesion DNA synthesis across NO-induced lesions, but not oxidation-induced lesions. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that Polθ bypasses NO-induced base adducts in an error-free manner and generates mutations characteristic of Polθ-mediated end joining. Our experimental data collectively suggests that Polθ plays dual roles in protecting plants from NO-induced DNA damage. Since Polθ is conserved in higher eukaryotes, mammalian Polθ may also be required for balancing NO physiological signaling and genotoxicity.     

水体泥沙对黑藻幼苗生长发育的影响

用粒径小于100μm的泥沙分别配置浊度为30、60NTU和90NTU的浑浊水体,将黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)幼苗分别种植于上述水体中,水深约60cm,定期统计植株的节间距、株高、分枝数、叶宽、叶长、鲜重和泥沙附着量,利用水下饱和脉冲荧光仪(DIVING-PAM)测定叶片的Fv/Fm,并测定附着泥沙叶片和未附着叶片快速光响应曲线。结果表明,前40d随着水体浊度的增加黑藻植株的节间距、株高呈显著的增加趋势,而分枝数和生物量增长速率呈显著降低趋势。植株生长接近水面后接受的光照强度增加,第60天时株高和叶宽增长受到显著抑制,但植株上层的分枝受到促进,生物量显著增加。同时,随着水体浊度的增加植株上的泥沙附着显著增加,第100天时在30、60NTU和90NTU水体中植株的叶宽分别比对照宽71.4%、57.1%、48.6%,叶长分别为对照的113.0%、85.5%和75.1%,差异极显著(P0.01);在高浊度(60NTU和90NTU)水体中,水体下部生物量显著降低,冠层叶片的Fv/Fm分别仅降低了5.5%(P0.05)、2.9%(P0.05),rETRmax分别降低了2.0%(P0.05)、16.8%(P0.01)。表明在水深较浅的泥沙水体中可以适当引种黑藻幼苗,植株可以正常生长发育。     

High auxin stimulates callus through SDG8-mediated histone H3K36 methylation in Arabidopsis

Callus induction,which results in fate transition in plant cells,is considered as the first and key step for plant regeneration.This process can be stimulated in different tissues by a callus-inducing medium(CIM),which contains a high concentration of phytohormone auxin.Although a few key regulators for callus induction have been identified,the multiple aspects of the regulatory mechanism driven by high levels of auxin still need further investigation.Here,we find that high auxin induces callus ...     

我国甜菜夜蛾间歇性暴发的非均衡性循环波动

[摘要] 为进一步了解我国甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua ( Hbner)间歇性暴发成灾的规律,作者应用时间序列分析技术研究了我国甜菜夜蛾间歇性暴发的时间序列波动规律。结果表明,在1949—2008年的60a中,我国甜菜夜蛾大尺度暴发总年频次为120次,各年度暴发次数(年频次)存在着非均衡性循环波动特征,并且在其波动过程中呈明显的上升趋势。按“年频次”强度,可将我国1949—2008年60a中甜菜夜蛾发生过程,划分成两个明显不同的阶段。第一阶段（1949—1984年）为平稳低发阶段,36a总年频次量为4次,年平均仅0.11次;第二阶段（1985—2008年）则为波浪式上升性高发阶段,24a总年频次为116次,年平均4.83次（为第一阶段的43.91倍））。按第二阶段24a（1985—2008）数据进行自相关系数和频谱图分析,结果表明,我国甜菜夜蛾大尺度暴发存在2.8a和11.2a2种不同长度的循环周期,其暴发趋势指数对滞后1a和滞后4a的影响为正相关,而对滞后5a和滞后6a的影响则为负相关。本文根据甜菜夜蛾暴发指数的非均衡周期性特征,建立了以时间序列为自变量的甜菜夜蛾暴发指数非均衡周期性预测模型,经回代结果检验,理论值与实测值之间无显著差异。     

不同颜色遮阳网遮光对丘陵茶园夏秋茶和春茶产量及主要生化成分的影响

为研究不同颜色遮阳网遮光对夏秋茶与春茶产量和品质的影响,在中国科学院桃源农业生态试验站以“碧香早”茶树为试验材料,选用不遮光和中度遮光（遮光率(50?4)%）的黑色、绿色、银灰色遮阳网开展遮光试验。结果表明：不同季节使用黑色遮阳网能显著增加氨基酸和咖啡碱含量,降低茶多酚含量和酚氨比,与对照茶园比较,夏季、秋季、春季茶叶氨基酸含量分别增加了14.22%、17.07%、6.23%,茶多酚含量分别降低了4.40%、6.43%、27.66%,咖啡碱含量分别增加了9.48%、8.10%、7.28%。夏秋季银灰色遮阳网效果最差,绿色遮阳网效果介于黑色和对照之间,春季三种颜色遮阳网效果均优于对照;茶树遮光后品质明显优于对照,夏秋茶经遮光可达到制高档茶的要求,春茶遮光可达到制名优茶的要求。     

张家界武陵源风景区自然景观价值评估

自然景观提供给人们观赏、娱乐和休闲的效用和价值,长期以来,人们对自然景观的价值忽略并低估,导致在开发利用自然资源过程中出现资源浪费和生态破坏的问题.如果赋予自然景观合适的经济价值,能为其开发利用提供决策支持.为评价张家界武陵源风景区的景观价值,构建了相应的指标体系.自然景观价值乃使用价值与非使用价值之和,并对这两种价值分别运用旅行费用法和条件价值法进行评估.结果表明:2011年武陵源风景区的自然景观价值为89.01亿元,其中使用价值为79.30亿元,非使用价值为9.71亿元.分析表明,武陵源风景区的自然景观价值要远高于以往的研究及近年的旅游收入,建议景区当局全面认识其景观价值,在旅游人次不断攀升的形势下,全力保护该地生态环境,探究武陵源风景区的可持续发展道路.     

A secreted ribonuclease effector from Verticillium dahliae localizes in the plant nucleus to modulate host immunity

The arms race between fungal pathogens and plant hosts involves recognition of fungal effectors to induce host immunity. Although various fungal effectors have been identified, the effector functions of ribonucleases are largely unknown. Herein, we identified a ribonuclease secreted by Verticillium dahliae (VdRTX1) that translocates into the plant nucleus to modulate immunity. The activity of VdRTX1 causes hypersensitive response (HR)‐related cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana and cotton. VdRTX1 possesses a signal peptide but is unlikely to be an apoplastic effector because its nuclear localization in the plant is necessary for cell death induction. Knockout of VdRTX1 significantly enhanced V. dahliae virulence on tobacco while V. dahliae employs the known suppressor VdCBM1 to escape the immunity induced by VdRTX1. VdRTX1 homologs are widely distributed in fungi but transient expression of 24 homologs from other fungi did not yield cell death induction, suggesting that this function is specific to the VdRTX1 in V. dahliae. Expression of site‐directed mutants of VdRTX1 in N. benthamiana leaves revealed conserved ligand‐binding sites that are important for VdRTX1 function in inducing cell death. Thus, VdRTX1 functions as a unique HR‐inducing effector in V. dahliae that contributes to the activation of plant immunity.     

辽河三角洲滨海湿地景观规划各预案对指示物种生态承载力的影响

在对辽河三角洲滨海湿地进行景观规划"预案”设计以及相应的生境分析基础上,运用景观生态决策与评价支持系统(LEDESS-model)对指示物种丹顶鹤和黑嘴鸥繁殖生境的生态承载力进行了空间模拟和定量分析,结果表明在大规模农业开发的背景下,预案A通过湿地调整及生境补偿措施,不仅可以维持湿地生境面积"无净损失”(No-net-loss),而且可以相当程度地提高指示物种繁殖生境的生态承载力;预案B通过一系列减轻生境破碎化影响的生境管理措施,也显著地提高了丹顶鹤繁殖生境的生态承载力,但对黑嘴鸥繁殖生境的生态承载力的改善不如前者显著;预案C的模拟结果说明采取"滚动”开发模式,可以有效减轻区域农业开发对物种生境的负面影响,在本研究限定的开发规模下(8000hm2),对指示物种丹顶鹤、黑嘴鸥繁殖生境的生态承载力没有明显影响.     

近10年来蒙古高原植被覆盖变化对气候的响应

基于东亚干旱半干旱地区内蒙古和蒙古国67个气象站的观测资料和SPOTVEGETATION归一化植被指数(NDVI)数据,借助线性趋势、MK趋势性检验、最大化合成法和相关分析等常用数理统计方法,研究了内蒙古和蒙古国地区的植被覆盖变化和气候变化及其响应关系。结果表明:①近49年内蒙古和蒙古国地区年均气温显著上升,降水变化不明显。年均气温在空间上呈现出南高北低的空间分布格局,降水量表现出由西向东递增趋势。②空间分布上,内蒙的植被覆盖状况好于蒙古国。时间变化上,该地区植被覆盖变化分为2个阶段,1998—2001年NDVI呈整体退化趋势,2002—2012年波动上升,其中2009—2012年连续3a上升。空间变化上,内蒙古境内植被退化的区域主要集中在锡林郭勒盟周边地区,蒙古国境内退化的区域分布在中西部地区。③蒙古国境内荒漠和草原植被NDVI与降水呈正相关关系,与气温呈负相关。而对于内蒙古而言荒漠和草原植被的NDVI也与降水呈正相关关系,森林植被与气温呈正相关。就政策层面:内蒙古区域近年来受国家重大生态政策退耕还林、退牧还草的影响,大部分东部和西部植被恢复较快。在今后如果增强两国的文化和政策交流学习,将会对未来的游牧民族文化的保留和发展提供契机。     

不同生物型棉蚜对夏寄主葫芦科作物的选择

于2008、2009年连续两年采用模拟田间自然扩散法,系统地研究了棉花型棉蚜和甜瓜型棉蚜有翅蚜对11种夏寄主的选择性.结果表明,棉花型棉蚜对杂交葫芦、小西葫芦表现出强选择性及适应性,而对香瓜、黄瓜、西瓜及甜瓜均不选择,或即使选择其若蚜在其上也不能存活;甜瓜型棉蚜对甜瓜、香瓜、南瓜、黄西葫芦、大西葫芦、杂交葫芦等均表现较强选择性,而对棉花及小西葫芦表现不选择.但是,甜瓜型棉蚜在小西葫芦上也能产若蚜并存活.从而证明小西葫芦是两种寄主型棉蚜的共同寄主,有可能成为两者相互转换的桥梁寄主.