基于SCAR标记技术的丽蚜小蜂快速识别

丽蚜小蜂Encarsia formosa Gahan作为温室粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood和烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)等粉虱类害虫的优势寄生蜂而备受关注。针对丽蚜小蜂体型微小, 难以与其他同域近缘种寄生蜂快速、 准确区别的问题, 本研究采用SCAR (sequence characterized amplified region, 特异性扩增区域)标记技术, 筛选出一对丽蚜小蜂特征片段扩增引物(EFZZF/EFZZR), 其扩增片段的大小为287 bp。种特异性检验结果表明, 该对引物只对丽蚜小蜂的基因组DNA具有扩增能力, 对其近缘种属寄生蜂如浅黄恩蚜小蜂Encarsia sophia (Girault & Dodd)、 海氏桨角蚜小蜂Eretmocerus hayati Zolnerowich & Rose、 本地未知种桨角蚜小蜂Eretmocerus sp.、 蒙氏桨角蚜小蜂Eretmocerus mundus Mercet、 刺粉虱黑蜂Amitus hesperidum Silvertri不具有扩增效果, 对丽蚜小蜂的寄主包括不同生物型 (B型、 Q型、 ZHJ 1型和ZHJ 2型)的烟粉虱、 温室粉虱以及我国最常见的黑刺粉虱Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Quaintanca)等亦不具有扩增能力。同时, 该检测技术灵敏度高, 对成虫的最低检出阈值为7.812 ng/μL (相当于1/1 600头成虫)。研究结果对丽蚜小蜂的种类识别、 寄主谱的确定及其有效利用具有重要意义。     

林窗对岷江冷杉幼苗生存过程的影响

岷江冷杉林是我国西南亚高山暗针叶林的主体之一,其健康的种群动态和更新策略在维持长江上游生态安全方面具有重要意义。为了解岷江冷杉更新过程中林窗对幼苗种群动态的影响,通过调查林窗内和林下岷江冷杉更新幼苗的存活情况,采用数量分析方法研究了幼苗的年龄结构和动态特征。结果表明:林窗内和林下岷江冷杉幼苗的年龄结构金字塔均为两头小中间大的纺锤型,存活曲线均为DeeveyⅡ,生命期望以1龄级的最高、林下种群的高于林窗种群。幼苗的死亡率、消失率、累计死亡率和危险率均随龄级的增加而增大,生存率和死亡密度随龄级的增加而减小;岷江冷杉幼苗种群的数量化动态指数Vpi=0.1059,为增长型种群,在外界随机事件干扰时也可持续增长,尤以林窗种群抵御随机干扰、持续增长的特点更为突出;岷江冷杉幼苗种群的周期波动主要受基波控制,林窗种群在9龄级和11龄级处的波动还受谐波的影响。林窗扩大了岷江冷杉更新幼苗的数量规模、提高了种群抵御外界随机干扰的能力。因此,在岷江冷杉林更新管理中,应高度重视林窗的作用。     

林窗对川西亚高山岷江冷杉幼苗生物量及其分配格局的影响

采用样带法调查了川西亚高山原始岷江冷杉林林窗和林冠下岷江冷杉幼苗(H≤100 cm)的密度、高度、基径和各构件生物量,分析了各构件生物量间的相关性.结果表明：林窗与林冠下幼苗密度分别为12 903和2 017株·hm^-2;平均高度分别是26.6和24.3 cm,差异显著;平均基径分别为4.97和5.13 mm,差异不显著.林窗内各龄级幼苗的生物量与林冠下同龄级幼苗的生物量之间差异不显著.林窗对不同龄级幼苗各构件生物量积累的影响不同,林窗内幼苗枝干生物量比在12年达到最大(1.54),随后其比值维持在0.69左右;林冠下幼苗在15年后(含15年),枝条生物量大于主干生物量.生长在林窗和林冠环境的幼苗单株总生物量、叶生物量、茎生物量、地上生物量和根生物量与幼苗基径的平方(D²)和苗高(H)的乘积有显著的线性关系.林窗与林冠下幼苗各构件生物量之间有显著的正相关关系.     

动物的失匹配负波研究进展

失匹配负波（MMN）是由重复刺激序列（即标准刺激）中偶然出现的、与标准刺激有可辨别差异的偏差刺激所诱发的一种持续时间较短、极性为负的事件相关电位（ERP）。失匹配负波在人类和动物中普遍存在,并可在视、听、嗅等多种模态中诱发,其出现不依赖于注意,所以反映了大脑对知觉环境变化的自动感知,对动物的生存与繁殖成功至关重要。本文对不同类群动物失匹配负波研究、失匹配负波产生机制、发生源以及影响因素进行了综述,旨在厘清该生理指标的优势与不足,为动物认知潜在机制研究提供有益参考。最后文章对动物失匹配负波未来研究方向提出了展望。     

苦槛蓝挥发油对小菜蛾的生物活性

研究了苦槛蓝挥发油对小菜蛾的生物活性。结果表明,苦槛蓝挥发油对小菜蛾成虫具有强烈的驱避作用．小菜蛾成虫在四臂嗅觉仪中首选次数、平均停留时间从多到少的顺序是3臂、1臂、4臂、2臂,具有远离处理臂的趋势,其中雄虫比雌虫明显。且气体流速为200ml·min^-1时驱避作用最为显著。按方法3处理第一天对小菜蛾成虫的产卵驱避率(OCR)、干扰作用控制指数(IIPC)分别为94．48％、0．0552。此外,从挥发油中分离到一个液体成分,经鉴定确定为myoporone(C15H22O3)。     

菊花R病毒杭白菊分离株全基因组序列测定与分析

杭白菊作为著名的中药“浙八味”之一,种植规模和产区不断扩大,但其病毒病的发生也日益严重,对其产量和品质造成严重影响。本研究利用双链RNA（double stranded RNA,dsRNA）和非序列依赖PCR扩增（sequence independent amplification,SIA）等方法,对感病杭白菊病原物进行鉴定,为杭白菊病毒病原的检测构建一套快速和简便的方法。结果表明,感病杭白菊被菊花R病毒（Chrysanthemum virus R,CVR）侵染,将其命名为CVR-TX。通过对其全基因组进行序列扩增与分析,获得其全长基因组为8 872 bp,编码6个ORF,具有Carlavirus属病毒的典型特征。基于全基因组核酸序列以及复制酶、外壳蛋白氨基酸的序列比对发现,CVR-TX与CVR-BJ同源性最高,分别为85.5%、96.0%和96.3%;与Carlavirus属其他病毒同源性分别在48.2%～54.4%、46.9%～55.3%和36.8%～59.5%,因此CVR被确定为一种新的Carlavirus属病毒。系统进化分析表明,基于全长基因组、复制酶（replicase）基因和外壳蛋白（coat protein,CP）基因与CVR-BJ聚为一簇,亲缘性最近。本研究获得了CVR-TX的全长基因组,丰富了CVR的基因组信息,通过生物信息学分析明确其种属关系和区域变化情况,从而为建立CVR可靠灵敏的分子检测手段和有效的防控措施提供理论基础。     

Cadmium accumulation and oxidative burst in garlic (Allium sativum)

To investigate the temporal sequence of physiological reactions of garlic (Allium sativum) to cadmium (Cd) treatment, seedlings developed from cloves were grown in increasing concentrations of CdCl2, ranging from 1-10 mM, for up to 8 days in sand. Analysis of Cd uptake indicated that most Cd accumulated in roots, but some was also translocated and accumulated in leaves at longer exposure time (after 12h) and higher concentrations (5 and 10mM) of CdCl2. Changes in activities of antioxidative enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT), were characterized in leaves of garlic seedlings. Cd (5 and 10 mM) initially inhibited the activities of SOD and CAT but thereafter recovered or even increased compared with control plants. POD activities at 5 and 10 mM of Cd increased more than 3-4 times over control plants within 12 h and then dropped, but were still higher than controls at the end of the experiment. Otherwise lipid peroxidation enhanced with the increasing of incubation time and concentrations of external Cd. Leaves exposed to 1 mM CdCl2 showed a less pronounced response and only a small reduction in shoot growth. These results suggested that in leaves of garlic seedlings challenged by CdCl2 at higher concentrations, induction of these various enzymes is part of a general defense strategy to cope with overproduction of reactive oxygen. The possible mechanism of antioxidative enzymes changing before Cd accumulation in leaves of garlic seedlings is discussed.     

Leaf‐Mosaic‐Inspired Vine‐Like Graphitic Carbon Nitride Showing High Light Absorption and Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution

Green plants use solar energy efficiently in nature. Simulating the exquisite structure of a natural photosynthesis system may open a new approach for the construction of desirable photocatalysts with high light harvesting efficiency and performance. Herein, inspired by the excellent light utilization of “leaf mosaic” in plants, a novel vine‐like g‐C₃N₄ (V‐CN) is synthesized for the first time by copolymerizing urea with dicyandiamide‐formaldehyde (DF) resin. The as‐prepared V‐CN exhibits ultrahigh photocatalytic hydrogen production of 13.6 mmol g^?1 h^?1 under visible light and an apparent quantum yield of 12.7% at 420 nm, which is ≈38 times higher than that of traditional g‐C₃N₄, representing one of the highest‐activity g‐C₃N₄‐based photocatalysts. This super photocatalytic performance is derived from the unique leaf mosaic structure of V‐CN, which effectively improves its light utilization and affords a larger specific surface area. In addition, the introduction of DF resin further optimizes the energy band of V‐CN, extends its light absorption, and improves its crystallinity and interfacial charge transport, resulting in high performance. It is an easy and green strategy for the preparation of broad‐spectrum, high‐performance g‐C₃N₄, which presents significant advancement for the design of other nanophotocatalysts by simulating the fine structure of natural photosynthesis.     

Molecular discrimination and ploidy level determination for elite willow cultivars

Willow (Salix spp.), a woody plant in forms of tree, sub-tree, or shrub, has long been cultivated as an important fiber resource and for environmental protection. To manage commercial willow plantations, there is an increasing demand for the genetic discrimination of willow cultivars based on molecular markers. In this study, based on the genomic sequences of Salix suchowensis, a core set of 16 highly polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) primer pairs were selected for the molecular discrimination of different willow cultivars. Using these primer pairs, DNA fingerprints of a collection of 25 elite willow cultivars were generated and their genetic identities were analyzed based on the SSR genotyping profiles and the UPGMA clustering. Subsequently, we examined the ploidy levels of these cultivars by combining SSR marker genotyping with flow cytometry measurements. It was found that, in this collection, the shrub cultivars were mainly presented as diploids, while cultivars in tree form mainly existed as polyploids. This study established a reference DNA fingerprinting database for managing the commercial willow cultivars, and the determination of their ploidy levels provided critical information for aiding the polyploid breeding programs in willows.