β-蒎烯合成酶(QH6)在大肠杆菌中的表达及其产β-蒎烯的研究

蒎烯是一种重要的平台化合物,可以用来合成高密度燃料、精细化学品及材料。将来源于黄花蒿的β-蒎烯合成酶基因与外源杂合甲羟戊酸(MVA)途径一起整合到BL21(DE3)中共表达,通过气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)和气相色谱(GC)对发酵产物进行了定性及定量检测。通过发酵条件优化,对影响发酵产β-蒎烯的因素(诱导温度、诱导剂浓度和N源)进行了考察。结果表明:来自黄花蒿的蒎烯合酶可以在宿主细胞内高效表达,且能高效催化β-蒎烯的合成。通过对重组菌进行发酵条件优化得到最佳培养条件:诱导温度为28℃,IPTG浓度为0.1 mmol/L,最佳有机N源为MD牛肉粉。在此条件下,检测出β-蒎烯产量达到22.89 mg/L,比优化前(4.60 mg/L)提高了3.98倍。     

全球四大湾区生态环境综合评价研究

全球四大湾区既是经济发达区,也是生态环境脆弱区,对全球可持续发展至关重要。粤港澳大湾区的生态环境问题正在限制其可持续发展,有碍于全面建成国际一流湾区目标的实现。然而,过去的研究对生态环境方面关注较少,缺少湾区生态环境综合评价体系的构建。通过综合国内外统计和遥感多源数据,建立四大湾区生态环境评价数据库;围绕生态质量,环境质量和资源利用效率建立指标体系,构建湾区生态环境综合评价指数。结果表明：2015年,生态环境综合评价,东京湾区 > 旧金山湾区 > 纽约湾区 > 粤港澳大湾区;生态质量,纽约湾区 > 旧金山湾区 > 粤港澳大湾区 > 东京湾区;环境质量,旧金山湾区 > 东京湾区 > 纽约湾区 > 粤港澳大湾区;资源利用效率,东京湾区 > 旧金山湾区 > 纽约湾区 > 粤港澳大湾区。2005-2015年,粤港澳大湾区环境质量增速缓慢,在生态质量和资源利用效率增幅排名首位。旧金山湾区和纽约湾区优势在生态和环境质量,短板在资源利用效率;东京湾区在资源利用效率方面优势明显,短板在生态质量;综合来看,粤港澳大湾区与其他湾区都存在差距。研究建议粤港澳大湾区从生态空间、生态环境治理和资源利用方面,吸取发达国家湾区的经验。     

叉角厉蝽对烟草上斜纹夜蛾搜索效率影响因子的研究

叉角厉蝽Eocanthecona furcellata(Wolff)是捕食烟草上斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura(Fabricius)的重要天敌,是斜纹夜蛾生物防治的潜在控制因子.为了探明不同因子对叉角厉蝽搜索效率的影响,提高田间释放的控害效果,本试验采用二次通用旋转组合设计,研究了不同因子(叉角厉蝽释放量、斜纹夜蛾幼虫密度和烟草植株数量)对叉角厉蝽搜索效率的影响,根据测得的不同因子处理下叉角厉蝽对斜纹夜蛾的捕食率,所建立得到的搜索效率(Y)与叉角厉蝽释放量(X1)、斜纹夜蛾幼虫密度(X2)和烟草植株数量(X3)3个试验因子的关系的回归模型:Y = 67.82809+6.74050X,-4.92690X2-1.22581X3-9.22848X12-1.32656X22-9.98862X32+4.17500X1X2+8.17500X1X3+0.87500X2X3,能较好地拟合参试因子与叉角厉蝽搜索效率的关系.单因子效应分析表明,对叉角厉蝽搜索效率的影响依次为叉角厉蝽释放数量(X1)＞斜纹夜蛾幼虫密度(X2)＞烟草植株数量(X3),叉角厉蝽释放数量对天敌的搜索效率有显著的正效应.在交互效应分析中,随着烟草植株数量的上升,叉角厉蝽的搜索范围扩大,抑制了叉角厉蝽数量和斜纹夜蛾密度的增益效果,对捕食效率产生负效应.叉角厉蝽释放数量、斜纹夜蛾幼虫密度和烟草植株数量均能影响叉角厉蝽的搜索效率,且各因子之间的交互作用明显.     

基于CiteSpace分析核酸适体（Aptamer）技术研究现状

利用可视化分析软件,客观、全面地展示和分析适体的研究现状、研究热点和发展趋势,为适体的研究提供指导和参考。以SCI数据库Web of Science平台为数据源,采用CiteSpace 5.5.R2软件对1900年1月1日至2020年12月31日的适体相关文献进行分析。共纳入文献14 939篇。在该领域发表论文最多的作者是WEIHONG TAN、KHALIL ABNOUS等;近年来突现的主题词是“wide linear range”“pg ml”“clinical diagnosis”“early diagnosis”等,是目前该领域的研究热点;作者共被引分析和文献共被引分析表明,该领域的研究主要集中在适体的体外筛选、适体构象的变化、适体在药物靶向治疗中的应用及适体生物传感器。结果表明,利用CiteSpace软件对Web of Science数据库中已发表的适体文献进行分析,揭示了该领域的研究热点从体外筛选和适体构象变化（1992—2002）到适体在药物靶向治疗和适体生物传感器中的应用（2002—2020）。结合近年来突现的主题词预测适体在药物靶向治疗和适体生物传感器中的应用仍将是未来的研究热点。     

Expression of Arabidopsis acyl‐CoA‐binding proteins AtACBP1 and AtACBP4 confers Pb(II) accumulation in Brassica juncea roots

In Arabidopsis thaliana, the expression of two genes encoding acyl‐CoA‐binding proteins (ACBPs) AtACBP1 and AtACBP4, were observed to be induced by lead [Pb(II)] in shoots and roots in qRT‐PCR analyses. Quantitative GUS (β‐glucuronidase) activity assays confirmed induction of AtACBP1pro::GUS by Pb(II). Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) revealed that Pas elements in the 5′‐flanking region of AtACBP1 were responsive to Pb(II) treatment. AtACBP1 and AtACBP4 were further compared in Pb(II) uptake using Brassica juncea, a potential candidate for phytoremediation given its rapid growth, large roots, high biomass and good capacity to accumulate heavy metals. Results from atomic absorption analyses on transgenic B. juncea expressing AtACBP1 or AtACBP4 indicated Pb(II) accumulation in roots. Subsequent Pb(II)‐tracing assays demonstrated Pb(II) accumulation in the cytosol of root tips and vascular tissues of transgenic B. juncea AtACBP1‐overexpressors (OXs) and AtACBP4‐OXs and transgenic Arabidopsis AtACBP1‐OXs. Transgenic Arabidopsis AtACBP1‐OXs sequestered Pb(II) in the trichomes and displayed tolerance to hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) treatment. In addition, AtACBP1 and AtACBP4 were H₂O₂‐induced in the roots of wild‐type Arabidopsis, while lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH) measurements of B. juncea AtACBP1‐OX and AtACBP4‐OX roots suggested that AtACBP1 and AtACBP4 can protect lipids against Pb(II)‐induced lipid peroxidation.     

温度与光强对高山杜鹃催花期间花芽营养物质积累的影响

以高山杜鹃为材料,研究了在3个昼/夜温度(6℃/0℃、22℃/16℃、30℃/24℃)和3个光照强度(2 000/10lx、7 500/5 500lx、10 000/8 000lx)组合成的9个光温催花条件下,高山杜鹃花芽内可溶性糖、淀粉、可溶性蛋白和游离氨基酸等营养物质的变化以及对始花期的影响。结果表明:随着昼夜温度的升高和光照强度的加强,高山杜鹃花芽内的可溶性糖和淀粉含量增加,且在整个催花过程中持续上升;可溶性蛋白含量变化整体呈先升后降的趋势,前期随温度光强增加而增加,后期则相反;游离氨基酸含量的整体变化趋势与可溶性蛋白含量相反,表现为先降后升。在30℃/24℃、10 000/8 000lx的处理下,高山杜鹃最早进入始花期,比目标日期(春节)提前18d开花。可见,适当高温和高光强(22℃/16℃~30℃/24℃,7 500/5 500~10 000/8 000lx)处理能显著提高高山杜鹃花芽内可溶性糖、淀粉、可溶性蛋白和游离氨基酸等营养物质的积累和代谢,促进了其花芽发育,有效缩短了催花时间,使植株提前进入始花期,从而达到提前上市的目的。     

认知功能正常老化的发生时间：早发还是晚发？

个体认知功能正常老化(以下简称认知老化)的起始时间尚不明确,但这个问题却事关认知老化的最佳干预时间.本文首先以三个大型认知老化追踪研究项目(西雅图项目、Betula项目、Virginia项目)为例,从2009年的高峰论战切入,系统描述了近些年认知老化早发(20~30岁,基于横向研究的结论)还是晚发(50~60岁,基于纵向研究的结论)的争论现状,并详细介绍了该争论的产生原因及解决方法.其次,本文着重介绍准纵向研究方法在该争论中的应用,大多数准纵向研究结果表明认知老化早发,但仍需进一步的研究.同时,本文也首次尝试从神经生物学视角来梳理该问题.最后,建议今后的相关研究应注重被试选取、测量指标及计分方式等细节改进,加强神经生物学的研究,并结合开发有效干预技术的应用研究等.     

Climate warming increases soil erosion,carbon and nitrogen loss with biofuel feedstock harvest in tallgrass prairie

Anthropogenic soil erosion severely affects land ecosystems by reducing plant productivity and stimulating horizontal carbon and nitrogen movement at the surface. Climate warming may accelerate soil erosion by altering soil temperature, moisture, and vegetation coverage. However, no experiments have been carried out to quantify soil erosion with warming. In a long‐term field experiment, we explored how annual clipping for biofuel feedstock production and warming caused soil erosion and accompanying carbon and nitrogen losses in tallgrass prairie in Oklahoma, USA. We measured relative changes in soil surface elevation between clipped and unclipped plots with or without experimental warming. Our results show that average relative erosion depth caused by clipping was 1.65±0.09 and 0.54±0.08 mm yr^?1, respectively, in warmed and control plots from November 21, 1999 to April 21, 2009. The soil erosion rate was 2148±121 g m^?2 yr^?1 in the warmed plots and 693±113 g m^?2 yr^?1 in the control plots. Soil organic carbon was lost at a rate of 69.6±5.6 g m^?2 yr^?1 in the warmed plots and 22.5±2.7 g m^?2 yr^?1 in the control plots. Total nitrogen was lost at a rate of 4.6±0.4 g m^?2 yr^?1 in the warmed plots and 1.4±0.1 g m^?2 yr^?2 in the control plots. The amount of carbon and nitrogen loss caused by clipping is equivalent to or even larger than changes caused by global change factors such as warming and rising atmospheric CO₂ concentration. In addition, soil erosion rates were significantly correlated with clipping‐induced changes in soil moisture. Our results suggest that clipping for biofuel harvest results in significant soil erosion and accompanying losses of soil carbon and nitrogen, which is aggravated by warming.     

Reappraisal of Primula ranunculoides (Primulaceae), an endangered species endemic to China,based on morphological,molecular genetic and reproductive characters

The taxonomic status of Primula ranunculoides and other members of section Ranunuculoides is reappraised here based on data from morphological, reproductive and molecular characters. Multivariate analysis of morphological characters indicates that P. ranunculoides is a coherent species that can be distinguished from its sectional congeners P. cicutariifolia and P. merrilliana by the characters of simple kidney‐shaped outer leaves and the unique clonal reproductive ability by which apices of the scape differentiate into bulblets at the late phases of flowering. Recognition of P. ranunculoides at the specific level is also supported by palynological characters, breeding system, cross pollination results and molecular phylogenetic analysis of nrDNA internal transcribed spacer sequences. A taxonomic revision of section Ranunuculoides is presented and a possible mechanism of speciation discussed. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 169 , 338–349.     

茴香薄翅野螟虫口密度与油菜产量损失关系及其防治指标的研究

在网室内人工接茴香薄翅野螟Evergestis extimalis Scopoli卵,研究结果表明,随着幼虫数量的增加,油菜产量损失增加;与对照相比,当接卵数为216、399、858、1665和3279粒时,产量损失分别达3.13%,2.08%,12.5%,25.10%和43.33%。各网室实际接虫数(x)与其相应的小区油菜产量(y)的关系为:y=-0.0007x+4.8129,表明虫口密度与油菜产量为负相关。在青海省油菜种植区内每平米幼虫或卵数超过10头或粒时,应即时防治。