不同虫态叉角厉蝽对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的室内捕食作用

为了明确叉角厉蝽 Eocanthecona furcellate (Wolff)对草地贪夜蛾 Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E.Smith)幼虫的控制作用,在实验室条件下测定了叉角厉蝽不同虫态对草地贪夜蛾不同龄期幼虫的捕食能力,研究了该蝽捕食功能反应、搜寻效应以及种内干扰作用。结果表明,叉角厉蝽3龄若虫、5龄若虫、成虫均可捕食草地贪夜蛾幼虫,总体呈现叉角厉蝽低龄若虫捕食草地贪夜蛾低龄幼虫的数量较多,高龄若虫和成虫捕食中间龄期幼虫数量较多的规律;叉角厉蝽3个虫态对草地贪夜蛾2~3龄幼虫的捕食功能反应均符合Holling II方程和HollingⅢ型功能反应新模型;5龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾2~3龄幼虫的捕食效能(a/Th)最强（214.0）、日最大捕食量(1/Th)最大（256.4头）。不同虫态叉角厉蝽的搜寻效应与草地贪夜蛾密度均呈负相关。建立了叉角厉蝽成虫密度、草地贪夜蛾4龄幼虫密度对捕食作用的干扰反应方程,干扰作用发生后该蝽的平均捕食量和捕食作用率均逐渐下降。本研究结果可为田间释放叉角厉蝽防治草地贪夜蛾提供依据。     

甘蓝粉虱入侵中国大陆

甘蓝粉虱是一种危险性入侵害虫,中国大陆于2012年7月在北京市朝阳区首次发现,寄主植物为抱茎苦买菜;翌年8月份又在新疆乌鲁木齐和吐鲁番发现,寄主植物为开花生菜和抱茎苦买菜。文章描述了甘蓝粉虱的危害方式、寄主植物、分布范围、识别特征、天敌种类以及传播扩散方式,并分析了在我国大陆的发展趋势和需要密切关注的区域。     

分解玉米赤霉烯酮菌株的分离、鉴定及其产酶特征

【目的】从发酵食品材料中筛选出对玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)有分解作用的微生物,研究其分解效率及产酶特征并进行菌种鉴定。【方法】利用添加ZEN毒素类似物(PL)的固体培养基对25种发酵食品材料进行初筛,获得毒素类似物耐受菌株,经过用ZEN复筛,得到高效分解ZEN的细菌。用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)分析培养物残留ZEN,评价菌株对ZEN的分解效率。初步分析该菌株产纤维素酶、木聚糖酶及β-葡萄糖苷酶的特性。通过微生物形态学、分子生物学方法进行菌种鉴定,确定该菌的系统分类学地位。【结果】从发酵食品材料中筛选出一株分解ZEN的菌株BF-B-3,经初步鉴定该菌株为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)。其ZEN分解率达62.48%,测定该菌产纤维素酶、木聚糖酶及β-葡萄糖苷酶活力分别为160.38、84.51和4.14 U/mL。【结论】枯草芽孢杆菌属于饲用微生物,生物安全性高,所分离到的枯草芽孢杆菌疑似株(Bacillus subtilis)BF-B-3菌株,可作为具有分解ZEN功能的益生菌使用,具有较好的应用前景。     

城市代谢效率研究的热点识别与综合效率实证研究

城市代谢是城市可持续发展研究的重要部分,其有序运行为城市发展与居民生活提供重要保障,代谢效率的提高有助于缓解资源利用与环境保护间的矛盾。通过分析国内外近30年的城市代谢效率的研究进展,整合代谢效率研究热点选取综合效率评估所需指标,并以深圳市为案例研究,结合数据包络分析（DEA）模型对城市物质代谢综合效率进行评估。结果表明：（1）近30年城市代谢研究处于蓬勃发展阶段,中国在相关研究领域中的影响力凸显,而城市代谢效率研究主要关注能源、水资源、碳氮元素及耐用物质（主要为建筑材料）等要素及其环境效应;（2）基于上述要素对深圳城市代谢的综合效率进行评估,其综合效率在2005-2017年间呈波动状态,多数年份城市代谢过程取得了高效运行（效率值大于1）,但仍存低效年份,包括2006（0.96）、2007（0.76）、2011（0.85）和2013（0.97）年,研究期间综合效率提高不明显。在资源投入与效益产出方面,深圳市在水资源利用效率方面需进一步提高;在当前资源消耗水平下经济效益仍有提高潜力;在减少碳氮元素的环境排放及建筑垃圾产生的效率方面有一定程度的提高。（3）通过城市代谢效率研究的热点识别,可明晰目前城市代谢综合效率评估所需涵盖的要素,由此建立评估体系可用于综合效率评估的实践,通过案例分析研究其反映城市资源利用效率动态的可行性,以期为城市可持续发展评估提供科学参考。     

基于灰水足迹的中国城市水资源可持续利用综合评价

随着城市化的快速发展,中国城市水资源面临着水资源短缺与水环境恶化等挑战,因此加强城市水资源可持续利用对于中国可持续发展具有重要意义。基于灰水足迹核算对2016年中国地级市水资源可持续利用情况进行综合评价。研究结果表明：（1）中国城市灰水足迹水平差异大,平均值为23.40×10⁸ m³,主要集中在20.00×10⁸ m³以下。中国城市农业源灰水足迹比例占比主要在70%以上,工业源比例占比主要在20%以下,而生活源比例占比在40%以下;（2）全国灰水经济生产率在12.45-857.31元/m³范围内,地区差异明显。33%城市灰水足迹荷载系数均大于1,全国地级市灰水足迹荷载系数平均值为1.16,城市水资源利用已对水环境产生污染压力,用水不可持续;（3）城市水资源开发率与灰水足迹荷载系数呈一定程度的正相关关系,说明了城市发展对水资源利用的"量"和"质"的压力作用具有一定的协同关系;（4）水资源可持续利用程度呈现大型城市 > 特大型城市 > 超大型城市 > 中小型城市,城市发展一定程度上有助于水资源的可持续利用,但发展规模过大可能会造成用水高产而护水低效的现象。因地制宜的实行水资源循环经济发展模式以及适时纳入灰水足迹核算与管理体系,是当前城市化大背景下实现水资源可持续利用的重要途径。     

林窗对岷江冷杉更新幼苗根系生物量积累与分配的影响

林窗对更新幼苗生物量积累和分配的影响在种群恢复中具有重要作用,尤其是暗针叶林更为突出。以川西亚高山岷江冷杉原始林林窗、林下的岷江冷杉更新幼苗为对象,研究其粗根和细根生物量的积累与分配过程及其异速生长关系。结果表明：随着岷江冷杉幼苗的生长,粗根、细根生物量均不断积累,但根系生物量中分配到粗根的比例逐渐增加、分配到细根的比例逐渐减少,粗根-细根间生物量的异速生长指数由等速生长转变为异速生长。林窗幼苗的细根生物量、粗根生物量和总根生物量中位数均小于林下幼苗,细根生物量分配比例大于林下幼苗;林窗还显著影响细根、粗根生物量随基径增粗的积累与分配过程,细根生物量分配比例随基径增粗的降幅大于林下幼苗;但林窗对粗根-细根生物量间的异速生长指数影响不显著。说明林窗干扰改变了岷江冷杉更新幼苗地下资源的分配方式,优化了资源配置。     

Effects of maternal diet on offspring fitness in the bird cherry‐oat aphid

1. Maternal and offspring diet effects on life‐history traits of the bird cherry‐oat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi were tested on three wheat varieties. Using nine reciprocal combinations of wheat varieties, the effects of previous experience (maternal diet effect) on the aphid's response to resistant and susceptible varieties (offspring diet effect) were tested. Batis was susceptible, and Xiaoyan22 and Ww2730 were both resistant, but with different mechanisms. 2. Aphids produced the most alatae in the treatments with the most resistant maternal diet variety Xiaoyan22. The fecundity (F) and intrinsic rate of increase (r_m) of these alatae were at their greatest in the most resistant offspring diet variety, but these traits were not influenced in the apterae. 3. There were significant interactions in the alatae production and apterae life‐history traits, such as r_m, development time, weight gain, and mean relative growth rate, between the maternal and offspring diet varieties. The interactions in apterae responses between varieties, some of which were reciprocal, indicated phenotypic plasticity in these parthenogenetic aphids. 4. Rhopalosiphum padi produced more alatae on the most resistant variety; the alatae would disperse and were more fecund. The growth responses of the apterae showed phenotypic plasticity to the different combinations of maternal and offspring diet varieties. The phenotypic plasticity would allow R. padi to better utilise the variable environments represented by the small wheat plots of different varieties in China.     

On the temporal inconsistencies of Linnean taxonomic ranks

The inconsistency problem in systematics refers in part to the fact that disparate taxa of identical Linnean rank are not necessarily similar or even readily comparable in any other specifiable biological feature. This shortcoming led to a ‘temporal banding’ proposal in which extant clades associated with particular taxonomic ranks would be standardized according to a universal metric: the absolute time of evolutionary origin. However, one underexplored possibility is that same‐level taxa in disparate organismal groups already might be similar (fortuitously so) in evolutionary age. In the present study, we explicitly address this possibility by reviewing published molecular inferences about the known or suspected origination dates of taxonomic genera, families, and orders in diverse organismal groups. Our findings empirically confirm that currently recognized taxa are far from temporally standardized, thereby adding support for the contention that this kind of taxonomic inconsistency should ultimately be rectified in our biological classifications. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 102 , 707–714.     

纤溶酶产生菌中华根霉12~#的诱变选育

以产纤溶酶菌中华根霉12~#为出发菌株,以SDS为抗性因子,紫外线为诱变剂,通过液体发酵的方式筛选高产菌株。共得到48株SDS抗性突变株,命名为LH-系列。经过筛选,得到了1株遗传稳定、酶活力提高了120%左右的高产菌株LH-45,以及2株具有潜在高产能力的突变株LH-15和LH-28。     

Hydrogen sulphide may be a novel downstream signal molecule in nitric oxide‐induced heat tolerance of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings

Nitric oxide (NO) is a second messenger with multifunction that is involved in plant growth, development and the acquisition of stress tolerance. In recent years, hydrogen sulphide (H₂S) has been found to have similar functions, but crosstalk between NO and H₂S in the acquisition of heat tolerance is not clear. In this study, pretreatment with the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) improved the survival percentage of maize seedlings and alleviated an increase in electrolyte leakage and a decrease in tissue vitality as well as accumulation of malondialdehyde, indicating that pretreatment with SNP improved the heat tolerance of maize seedlings. In addition, pretreatment with SNP enhanced the activity of L‐cystine desulfhydrase, which, in turn, induced accumulation of endogenous H₂S, while application of H₂S donors, NaHS and GYY4137, increased endogenous H₂S content, followed by mitigating increase in electrolyte leakage and enhanced survival percentage of seedlings under heat stress. Interestingly, SNP‐induced heat tolerance was enhanced by application of NaHS and GYY4137, but was eliminated by inhibitors of H₂S synthesis DL‐propargylglycine, aminooxyacetic acid, potassium pyruvate and hydroxylamine, and the H₂S scavenger hypotaurine. All of the above‐mentioned results suggest that SNP pretreatment could improve heat tolerance, and H₂S may be a downstream signal molecule in NO‐induced heat tolerance of maize seedlings.