13种栎属植物叶片的气孔特征及其相关性分析和分类学意义

以13种栎属(Quercus Linn.)植物〔包括产自辽宁省的槲栎组(Sect. Quercus)8种和麻栎组(Sect. Aegilops)2种以及引自北美洲的沼生栎组(Sect. Erythobalanus)2种和引自波兰的白栎组(Sect. Lepidabalanus)1种〕为试材,观察了这些种类叶片的气孔形态,并分析了气孔器和气孔的形态参数,还对各形态参数间的相关性进行了分析;在此基础上,对13种栎属植物进行了聚类分析。结果表明：栎属植物叶片的气孔仅分布于下表皮;气孔器排列属无规则型;气孔保卫细胞呈肾形,内壁加厚;气孔下陷,呈椭圆形或狭长椭圆形。供试种类的气孔和气孔器的形态参数差异明显,变异系数差异较大;气孔器的长轴长度、短轴长度和面积分别为18.24~27.46μm、14.63~23.18μm和221.56~501.70μm2,变异系数分别为7.73%~15.90%、7.10%~17.44%和14.13%~32.73%,气孔器指数为0.73~0.85;气孔的长轴长度、短轴长度、面积和密度分别为8.69~15.41μm、1.94~8.49μm、15.15~104.93μm2和462.32~984.44 mm-2,变异系数分别为12.03%~22.17%、13.65%~34.10%、27.95%~54.13%和8.10%~16.99%,气孔指数为0.22~0.57;总体上,按照多数气孔器和气孔参数从大至小的变化趋势依次排序为沼生栎组、白栎组、麻栎组、槲栎组。相关性分析结果表明：供试种类的气孔密度与气孔器和气孔的长轴及短轴长度均呈极显著(P<0.01)负相关;气孔器面积与气孔器指数和气孔指数分别呈极显著和显著(P<0.05)正相关;气孔面积与气孔器和气孔的长轴和短轴长度、气孔器指数和气孔指数呈极显著正相关,但与气孔密度呈显著负相关。聚类分析结果表明：在欧氏距离10处可将13种栎属植物分为3类,第Ⅰ类包含槲栎组的8种,第Ⅱ类包含麻栎组和白栎组的3种,第Ⅲ类包含沼生栎组的2种。研究结果显示：栎属植物叶片的气孔特征具有一定的稳定性,可作为栎属植物组间分类及亲缘关系分析的依据之一。     

Altered Functional Connectivity in Patients with Subcortical Vascular Cognitive Impairment—A Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study

Recent neuroimaging studies have shown that people with subcortical vascular cognitive impairment (sVCI) have structural and functional abnormalities in the frontal lobe and subcortical brain sites. In this study, we used seed-based resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) analysis and voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity (VMHC) techniques to investigate the alteration of rsFC in patients with sVCI. rsFC and structural magnetic resonance images were acquired for 51 patients with subcortical cerebrovascular disease. All patients were subdivided based on cognitive status into 29 with sVCI and 22 controls; patient characteristics were matched. rsFC of the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and VMHC were calculated separately, and rsFC of the PCC and VMHC between the two groups were compared. The regions showing abnormal rsFC of the PCC or VMHC in sVCI patients were adopted as regions of interest for correlation analyses. Our results are as follows: The patients with sVCI exhibited increases in rsFC in the left middle temporal lobe, right inferior temporal lobe and left superior frontal gyrus, and significant decreases in rsFC of the left thalamus with the PCC. sVCI patients showed a significant deficit in VMHC between the bilateral lingual gyrus, putamen, and precentral gyrus. Additionally, the z-memory score was significantly positively associated with connectivity between the left thalamus and the PCC (r = 0.41, p = 0.03, uncorrected) in the sVCI group. Our findings suggest that the frontal lobe and subcortical brain sites play an important role in the pathogenesis of sVCI. Furthermore, rsFC between the left thalamus and the PCC might indicate the severity of sVCI.     

绿海龟稚龟性别鉴定及临界温度

通过组织形态学鉴定、羊水和血液中性激素测定等手段,对惠东港口海龟保护区不同恒温下孵化的绿海龟(Chelonia mydas)进行研究,寻求绿海龟稚龟性别鉴定的最佳方法。结果显示,(1)组织形态学,绿海龟性腺切片分皮层和髓质两部分,卵巢的皮层较厚、基质中有大小不一的未成熟卵细胞,髓质中空腔较少;睾丸的皮层较薄,髓质中空腔较多,呈现出显著的被基质包围的髓质索。(2)性激素测定,当雌二醇与睾酮含量之比E2∶T1.5时,孵出的稚龟为雄性(♂);当E2∶T1.5时,为雌性(♀)。(3)绿海龟性别决定的临界温度在29.4～29.5℃之间,此时孵出稚龟的性比约为1∶1。本文还讨论了各种不同性别鉴定方法的优劣和时期选择。     

花姬蛙蝌蚪对藻类的捕食效应

对花姬蛙(Microhyla pulchra)蝌蚪捕食藻类的效应进行了初步研究。结果表明,随着蝌蚪密度的增加,对蓝藻的总捕食量显著增加,但每只蝌蚪的平均捕食量随蝌蚪密度的增加而下降。文中讨论了蝌蚪在水资源环境保护中控制蓝藻暴发的意义。     

MiR-27靶基因的分析及鉴定

MicroRNAs(miRNAs)是一类约20～25nt的小分子核苷酸,在细胞内的多种生物学过程,如细胞增殖、凋亡、生长、分化和代谢等过程中具有重要的功能。已知miR-27在脂肪细胞和肌肉细胞的发育过程中起了重要作用,其在神经细胞中的表达调节至今仍不清楚。在本研究中,通过miRBase和TargetScan数据库分析了miR-27的靶基因,构建了miR-27的真核表达载体,改造了萤火虫荧光素酶和海肾荧光素酶报告载体,将miR-27的靶基因Bmi1的3′-UTR融合到报告载体中,转染神经胶质瘤细胞,利用双荧光素酶检测系统分析荧光素酶的活性。研究发现miR-27a和miR-27b共同的靶基因主要调节发育过程。MiR-27真核表达载体能产生成熟态的miR-27。MiR-27a、miR-27b或miR-27a和miR-27b联合与Bmi1的3′-UTR的正义序列共转染U343细胞能明显降低萤火虫荧光素酶的活性(分别P0.05,P0.05,P0.01),这提示了Bmi1可能为miR-27的靶基因。     

植物排放甲烷的研究进展

甲烷是一种重要的大气痕量气体,参与全球变暖和大气化学作用。传统上已知的甲烷生物排放源只有专性厌氧的原核生物即甲烷产生菌。然而近年来有研究发现,植物在好氧条件下能通过一种未知的机理排放甲烷,即非微生物机制产生甲烷。本文对植物排放甲烷的研究进展进行了综述,并提出了今后应加强研究的方面。     

HDAC6 controls autophagosome maturation essential for ubiquitin‐selective quality‐control autophagy

Autophagy is primarily considered a non‐selective degradation process induced by starvation. Nutrient‐independent basal autophagy, in contrast, imposes intracellular QC by selective disposal of aberrant protein aggregates and damaged organelles, a process critical for suppressing neurodegenerative diseases. The molecular mechanism that distinguishes these two fundamental autophagic responses, however, remains mysterious. Here, we identify the ubiquitin‐binding deacetylase, histone deacetylase‐6 (HDAC6), as a central component of basal autophagy that targets protein aggregates and damaged mitochondria. Surprisingly, HDAC6 is not required for autophagy activation; rather, it controls the fusion of autophagosomes to lysosomes. HDAC6 promotes autophagy by recruiting a cortactin‐dependent, actin‐remodelling machinery, which in turn assembles an F‐actin network that stimulates autophagosome–lysosome fusion and substrate degradation. Indeed, HDAC6 deficiency leads to autophagosome maturation failure, protein aggregate build‐up, and neurodegeneration. Remarkably, HDAC6 and F‐actin assembly are completely dispensable for starvation‐induced autophagy, uncovering the fundamental difference of these autophagic modes. Our study identifies HDAC6 and the actin cytoskeleton as critical components that define QC autophagy and uncovers a novel regulation of autophagy at the level of autophagosome–lysosome fusion.     

医院病原菌感染的临床分布及耐药性分析

目的:了解南京地区病原菌感染的临床分布及其耐药性变化情况。方法:对2009年全年住院病人病原菌感染病例进行统计,并且对相应抗生素的耐药情况进行分析。结果:2009年度共分离临床菌株3346株,其中G-杆菌占56.3%,G+球菌占25%,真菌感染占18.7%。以铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、大肠埃希菌为代表的革兰阴性菌为最常见的临床分离细菌,耐药现象较为严重。大多数医院感染革兰阴性菌对加酶抑制剂抗菌药耐药率菌有不同程度的下降。结论:为减少病原菌感染的发生率及控制细菌耐药性必须加强抗生素的合理应用。     

抗砷细菌arsH基因多样性分析

目的:研究含arsH基因抗砷微生物的多样性.方法:从NCBI数据库中收集95条arsH基因序列,通过Clustal W 1.83,Mega 3.0、DOTUR软件分别对95条序列进行多序列比对、构建系统发育树、稀释曲线等分析.结果:这些包含arsH基因的菌株分别归属于α-变形杆茵纲(约40%),γ-变形杆茵纲(35%),β-变形杆茵纲(22%),以及蓝细茵(3%).在涉及的14个科当中,Rhizo-biales所占比例最高(29%);Burkholderiales:次之(22%);Pseudomonadales和Enterobaeteriales占较少的比例,分别为18%和11%.针对数据库已有数据分析显示,含有arsH基因的微生物约89%分布在陆地,6%分布在海洋,还有5%在陆地海洋均有分布.陆地中占总比例的24%分布于土壤中;21%分布于矿山、地下水、气田、油田、受污染环境、矿坑水、淡水等环境中;约1%为植物共生菌,26%为病原微生物.结论:该基因在不同的物种之间存在水平基因转移,目前对于含arsH基因的抗砷微生物的筛选和分离工作还远远不够.     

一类蛙源非典型结构抗菌肽cDNA的克隆以及成熟肽的预测

抗菌肽是两栖类非特异性免疫的重要组成部分,具有广谱的抗菌、抗病毒、抗肿瘤、抗寄生虫等活性,而且不易产生耐药性.抗菌肽的功能发挥与其特有的α螺旋结构密切相关,但是一些抗菌肽在水溶液中呈无规则卷曲,在类膜溶液中才转变成α螺旋,这类抗菌肽往往表现出极强的抗菌肽活性或细胞毒性,在药物开发中提供更多的利用潜能.本文从东北林蛙(Rana dybowskii)皮肤组织中,通过RT-PCR技术,克隆了一类无规则卷曲的抗菌肽,属于chensirin-2家族.19条不同的抗菌肽的cDNA序列共编码3种长度为14个氨基酸残基的成熟肽,分子量在1450.78-1460.82之间,理论等电点在9.53-9.70之间,3种抗菌肽都有两亲性和阳离子性,二级结构呈现无规卷曲.这些理化性质预示着这3种抗菌肽可能具有特殊的药用价值.