全文获取类型
收费全文 | 3701篇 |
免费 | 357篇 |
国内免费 | 1篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 5篇 |
2023年 | 14篇 |
2022年 | 59篇 |
2021年 | 81篇 |
2020年 | 53篇 |
2019年 | 47篇 |
2018年 | 83篇 |
2017年 | 83篇 |
2016年 | 133篇 |
2015年 | 232篇 |
2014年 | 229篇 |
2013年 | 263篇 |
2012年 | 340篇 |
2011年 | 356篇 |
2010年 | 224篇 |
2009年 | 184篇 |
2008年 | 265篇 |
2007年 | 271篇 |
2006年 | 241篇 |
2005年 | 169篇 |
2004年 | 159篇 |
2003年 | 161篇 |
2002年 | 145篇 |
2001年 | 30篇 |
2000年 | 13篇 |
1999年 | 32篇 |
1998年 | 26篇 |
1997年 | 15篇 |
1996年 | 10篇 |
1995年 | 11篇 |
1994年 | 8篇 |
1993年 | 8篇 |
1992年 | 13篇 |
1991年 | 7篇 |
1990年 | 12篇 |
1989年 | 7篇 |
1988年 | 8篇 |
1987年 | 5篇 |
1986年 | 8篇 |
1985年 | 10篇 |
1984年 | 7篇 |
1983年 | 3篇 |
1982年 | 7篇 |
1981年 | 3篇 |
1980年 | 8篇 |
1975年 | 1篇 |
1974年 | 2篇 |
1972年 | 1篇 |
1965年 | 2篇 |
1938年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有4059条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
21.
Maja Wiprächtiger Melanie Haupt Andreas Froemelt Magdalena Klotz Claudio Beretta Dominik Osterwalder Vanessa Burg Stefanie Hellweg 《Journal of Industrial Ecology》2023,27(1):254-271
Industrial ecology (IE) methodologies, such as input/output or material flow analysis and life cycle assessment (LCA), are often used for the environmental evaluation of circular economy strategies. Up to now, an approach that utilizes these methods in a systematic, integrated framework for a holistic assessment of a geographic region's sustainable circular economy potential has been lacking. The approach developed in this study (IE4CE approach) combines IE methodologies to determine the environmental impact mitigation potential of circular economy strategies for a defined geographic region. The approach foresees five steps. First, input/output analysis helps identify sectors with high environmental impacts. Second, a refined analysis is conducted using material flow and LCA. In step 3, circular strategies are used for scenario design and evaluated in step 4. In step 5, the assessment results are compiled and compared across sectors. The approach was applied to a case study of Switzerland, analyzing 8 sectors and more than 30 scenarios in depth. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) from waste incineration, biogas and cement production, food waste prevention in households, hospitality and production, and the increased recycling of plastics had the highest mitigation potential. Most of the scenarios do not influence each other. One exception is the CCS scenarios: waste avoidance scenarios decrease the reduction potential of CCS. A combination of scenarios from different sectors, including their impact on the CCS scenario potential, led to an environmental impact mitigation potential of 11.9 Mt CO2-eq for 2050, which equals 14% of Switzerland's current consumption-based impacts. 相似文献
22.
Melanie R. Maas 《Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology》1993,12(3-5):162-167
Summary In the processed meat industry, food safety and microbiological shelf life issues lend themselves to the use of probability modeling. Our research concentrated on predicting the effectiveness of sodium lactate as an antibotulinal agent in vacuum packaged, uncured and cured turkey breast model systems. In uncured turkey breast containing 1.4% NaCl, 0.3% Na phosphate, and 0–3% Na lactate, the antibotulinal effect of sodium lactate can be predicted using the following model: Days to toxicity = 3.13+0.39(Na lactate)2. Using cured turkey breast with 0.3% Na phosphate, 0.2% sucrose, 0–3% Na lactate, the time to toxicity can be predicted from the following model: Days to toxicity = 1.69+4.88(NaCl)–11.16(Na lactate)+7.23(Na lactate)2. Probability models have also been developed to predict the refrigerated shelf life of specific processed meat products. The usefulness of the predictive modeling for food safety and quality in the food industry will also be discussed.This paper was presented at The International Conference on the Application of Predictive Microbiology and Computer Modeling Techniques to the Food Industry, April 12–15 1992, Hyatt Regency Hotel, Tampa, FL, USA. 相似文献
23.
24.
Jérémy Gauthier Joana Meier Fabrice Legeai Melanie McClure Annabel Whibley Anthony Bretaudeau Hélène Boulain Hugues Parrinello Sam T. Mugford Richard Durbin Chenxi Zhou Shane McCarthy Christopher W. Wheat Florence Piron-Prunier Christelle Monsempes Marie-Christine François Paul Jay Camille Noûs Emma Persyn Emmanuelle Jacquin-Joly Camille Meslin Nicolas Montagné Claire Lemaitre Marianne Elias 《Molecular ecology resources》2023,23(4):872-885
The ithomiine butterflies (Nymphalidae: Danainae) represent the largest known radiation of Müllerian mimetic butterflies. They dominate by number the mimetic butterfly communities, which include species such as the iconic neotropical Heliconius genus. Recent studies on the ecology and genetics of speciation in Ithomiini have suggested that sexual pheromones, colour pattern and perhaps hostplant could drive reproductive isolation. However, no reference genome was available for Ithomiini, which has hindered further exploration on the genetic architecture of these candidate traits, and more generally on the genomic patterns of divergence. Here, we generated high-quality, chromosome-scale genome assemblies for two Melinaea species, M. marsaeus and M. menophilus, and a draft genome of the species Ithomia salapia. We obtained genomes with a size ranging from 396 to 503 Mb across the three species and scaffold N50 of 40.5 and 23.2 Mb for the two chromosome-scale assemblies. Using collinearity analyses we identified massive rearrangements between the two closely related Melinaea species. An annotation of transposable elements and gene content was performed, as well as a specialist annotation to target chemosensory genes, which is crucial for host plant detection and mate recognition in mimetic species. A comparative genomic approach revealed independent gene expansions in ithomiines and particularly in gustatory receptor genes. These first three genomes of ithomiine mimetic butterflies constitute a valuable addition and a welcome comparison to existing biological models such as Heliconius, and will enable further understanding of the mechanisms of adaptation in butterflies. 相似文献
25.
Douglas E Bassett Jr Munira A Basrai Carla Connelly Katherine M Hyland Katsumi Kitagawa Melanie L Mayer Dwight M Morrow Andrew M Page Vicente A Resto Robert V Skibbens Philip Hieter 《Current opinion in genetics & development》1996,6(6):763-766
The completion of the genome sequence of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae marks the dawn of an exciting new era in eukaryotic biology that will bring with it a new understanding of yeast, other model organisms, and human beings. This body of sequence data benefits yeast researchers by obviating the need for piecemeal sequencing of genes, and allows researchers working with other organisms to tap into experimental advantages inherent in the yeast system and learn from functionally characterized yeast gene products which are their proteins of interest. In addition, the yeast post-genome sequence era is serving as a testing ground for powerful new technologies, and proven experimental approaches are being applied for the first time in a comprehensive fashion on a complete eukaryotic gene repertoire. 相似文献
26.
Steven Szarka Melanie Fitch Santiago Schaerer Maurice Moloney 《Plant molecular biology》1995,27(2):263-275
In order to investigate the role of cell division in plant development, we isolated several plant genes which encode homologues of animal and yeast cell cycle regulators known as cyclins.Through the use of degenerate primers and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) we isolated a Brassica sequence which showed homology to the cyclin box functional domain found within cyclin proteins. Southern blot analysis indicated that Brassica napus has a large number of genes containing cyclin box-related sequences. This was further supported by the isolation of cyclin box sequences from six different genomic clones. In addition, we have isolated two different cyclin cDNA clones, BnCYC1 and BnCYC2, from a Brassica napus shoot apical cDNA library. Both of the cDNA clones contain a destruction box regulatory domain similar to animal mitotic cyclins.Northern blot analysis using BnCYC2 shows mRNA levels which correlate well with the level of cell division in various tissues. Messenger RNA abundance was highest in 1–3 mm leaves, root tips and shoot apices. The mRNA detected using BnCYC1 was restricted to young leaves and the shoot apex, suggesting divergent, organ-specific roles for cyclin family members. The results demonstrate that the plant cyclin gene family is more extensive than previously demonstrated and consists of genes expressed in all dividing tissues as well as a subset of developmentally specific members. 相似文献
27.
Effects of manipulation of food supply on estuarine meiobenthos 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A comparative mesocosm experiment was carried out to determine the effects of natural foods of different quality and quantity on the structure of natural meiobenthic communities collected in undisturbed sediment from the polluted Westerschelde and the comparatively undisturbed Gironde estuaries. Nematode communities are more diverse and species rich in the latter estuary. The organic matter or foods used were phytoplankton, green alga, salt marsh plant detritus and leaf litter detritus which were added at three dose rates including a high dose. There was no change in community structure in response to the treatments in either of the estuarine meiobenthic communities. Analysis of all the results from this experiment indicate that the food quantity manipulations had almost no effect on the deposit feeding meiofauna. It may be that the reserves of organic matter within the sediment were sufficient to satisfy their dietary requirements for the duration of the experiment. The abundance of diatom/epigrowth feeding nematodes which were initially dominant in the Gironde, declined substantially suggesting that they may have been food limited since diatoms were not among the sources of organic matter added to the mesocosm. There was no specific response to the five different types of organic matter added to the mesocosm 相似文献
28.
Epiphyses of the proximal tibiae of 7-week-old normal and homozygous recessive brachymorphic mice (bm/bm) were immunostained
using a monoclonal antibody to basic fibroblast growth factor to determine its expression in growth plate cartilage, osteoblasts
on the surfaces of the primary spongiosa and articular cartilage. In the normal growth plate, the immunoreactive factor was
present in chondrocytes of the proliferating and upper hypertrophic zones but absent from lower hypertrophic chondrocytes.
Immunostaining was present only in the territorial extracellular matrix immediately adjacent to the chondrocytes of the proliferating
and upper hypertrophic zones. Osteoblasts of the primary spongiosa stained heavily in normal mice. Strong staining was observed
in intermediate zone articular chondrocytes. Cells in the superficial layer of articular cartilage were unstained. The extracellular
matrix of the articular cartilage was completely free of immunostaining. In contrast, the reduced size of bm/bm growth plates
was accompanied by significantly reduced staining intensity in proliferating and upper hypertrophic chondrocytes, and staining
was absent from the territorial extracellular matrix of all zones of the bm/bm growth plate. Osteoblasts of the primary spongiosa
of bm/bm mice stained less than those of normal mice. Articular cartilage chondrocytes in the intermediate zone stained with
less intensity in bm/bm mice, and the cells of the superficial layer were unstained. The extracellular matrix of bm/bm articular
cartilage was completely free of staining. Brachymorphic epiphyseal growth plate and articular chondrocytes, and osteoblasts
in the primary spongiosa, express reduced amounts of immunoreactive fibroblast growth factor-2. This phenotypical characteristic
may be associated with abnormal endochondral ossification and development of bone in brachymorphic mice 相似文献
29.
30.
Keith Paige Melanie Palomares Patricia A. D’Amore Susan J. Braunhut 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Animal》1991,27(2):151-157
Summary The growth of the endothelial cell (EC) is tightly regulated throughout the body. Many factors have been implicated in modulating
EC growth including diffusible compounds, cell-to-cell interactions, and the extracellular matrix (ECM). Retinol, or vitamin
A alcohol, has recently been shown to inhibit the growth of bovine capillary ECs, in vitro. Retinoids are known to modify
ECM in other cell systems, and pure ECM components have been shown to effect EC growth rates. We, therefore, examined the
role of the matrix in the retinol-induced inhibition of ECs. Cell-free matrices from control and vitamin A-treated ECs were
prepared by removing cells with EGTA treatment after 7 d of culture. Matrix proteins were analyzed by solubilizing the matrices
in 5M quanidine-HCl and performing Western blot analysis using specific antibodies to matrix proteins. In isolating the ECM, we
observed that retinol-treated cultures of ECs were resistant to EGTA removal; retinol-treated ECs required twice the exposure
time to EGTA to detach from their matrix than did controls cells. Western blot analysis of matrix proteins derived from control
and retinol-treated EC cultures demonstrated a 1.6-fold increase in lamininβ chains and a 2.5-fold increase in fibronectin in the ECM of retinol-treated EC compared to control cell matrix. Functional
properties of these matrices were assessed by plating control and Day 6 retinol-treated ECs onto the matrices and measuring
attachment and growth by determining cell numbers at 24, 72, and 144 h. These studies revealed that control cells attached
in greatest numbers to a control matrix whereas retinol-treated ECs preferentially attached to a matrix derived from retinol-treated
cells. Furthermore, control ECs which grew rapidly on a control matrix were growth inhibited on a retinol-derived matrix.
These data indicate that vitamin A treatment of ECs effects both their phenotype and influences the composition and the functional
properties of their underlying ECM. These studies also demonstrate that alterations of the matrix are at least in part responsible
for the growth inhibition of EC by retinol. 相似文献