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171.
Light acclimatisation capabilities of Elodea nuttallii at nearly ambient DIC conditions were investigated by determining growth characteristics, main photosynthetic parameters
and pigmentation of plants incubated at 5 different irradiances (10–146 μmol photons m−2 s−1). Positive net growth was observed under all light treatments tested. Maximum ratio root versus shoot (r:s) of 1.86 was achieved
at medium irradiances (72–94 μmol photons m−2 s−1), whereas at low (10 μmol photons m−2 s−1) and high irradiances (146 μmol photons m−2 s−1) r:s was significantly lower (0.39 and 1.05, respectively). With respect to main photosynthetic parameters, an increase of
light compensation points (E
c), attended by decreasing ratios of light saturation points of photosynthesis (E
k)/irradiance were observed. E
c values were comparable to other low-light adapted macrophytes, which indicate that E. nuttallii can be regarded as a low-light adapted plant, under photorespiratory conditions. This was also confirmed by maximum E
k values of just 73 μmol photons m−2 s−1. Further support was achieved from pigmentation and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) data, both indicating rather limited
acclimatisation ability at light treatments above 90 μmol photons m−2 s−1. These results are discussed with respect to the competitive abilities of E. nuttallii under nearly ambient (photorespiratory) DIC conditions, especially in dense stands and turbid phytoplankton-dominated waters. 相似文献
172.
Identification of a Novel, Putative Rho-specific
GDP/GTP Exchange Factor and a RhoA-binding Protein:
Control of Neuronal Morphology 总被引:12,自引:2,他引:12 下载免费PDF全文
Martijn F.B.G. Gebbink Onno Kranenburg Mieke Poland Francis P.G. van Horck Brahim Houssa Wouter H. Moolenaar 《The Journal of cell biology》1997,137(7):1603-1613
The small GTP-binding protein Rho has been implicated in the control of neuronal morphology. In N1E-115 neuronal cells, the Rho-inactivating C3 toxin stimulates neurite outgrowth and prevents actomyosin-based neurite retraction and cell rounding induced by lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), sphingosine-1-phosphate, or thrombin acting on their cognate G protein–coupled receptors. We have identified a novel putative GDP/GTP exchange factor, RhoGEF (190 kD), that interacts with both wild-type and activated RhoA, but not with Rac or Cdc42. RhoGEF, like activated RhoA, mimics receptor stimulation in inducing cell rounding and in preventing neurite outgrowth. Furthermore, we have identified a 116-kD protein, p116Rip, that interacts with both the GDP- and GTP-bound forms of RhoA in N1E-115 cells. Overexpression of p116Rip stimulates cell flattening and neurite outgrowth in a similar way to dominant-negative RhoA and C3 toxin. Cells overexpressing p116Rip fail to change their shape in response to LPA, as is observed after Rho inactivation. Our results indicate that (a) RhoGEF may link G protein–coupled receptors to RhoA activation and ensuing neurite retraction and cell rounding; and (b) p116Rip inhibits RhoA-stimulated contractility and promotes neurite outgrowth. 相似文献
173.
Boudewijn Catry Jeroen Dewulf Dominiek Maes Bart Pardon Benedicte Callens Mia Vanrobaeys Geert Opsomer Aart de Kruif Freddy Haesebrouck 《PloS one》2016,11(1)
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between antimicrobial use and the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in the digestive and respiratory tract in three different production systems of food producing animals. A longitudinal study was set up in 25 Belgian bovine herds (10 dairy, 10 beef, and 5 veal herds) for a 2 year monitoring of antimicrobial susceptibilities in E. coli and Pasteurellaceae retrieved from the rectum and the nasal cavity, respectively. During the first year of observation, the antimicrobial use was prospectively recorded on 15 of these farms (5 of each production type) and transformed into the treatment incidences according to the (animal) defined daily dose (TIADD) and (actually) used daily dose (TIUDD). Antimicrobial resistance rates of 4,174 E. coli (all herds) and 474 Pasteurellaceae (beef and veal herds only) isolates for 12 antimicrobial agents demonstrated large differences between intensively reared veal calves (abundant and inconstant) and more extensively reared dairy and beef cattle (sparse and relatively stable). Using linear mixed effect models, a strong relation was found between antimicrobial treatment incidences and resistance profiles of 1,639 E. coli strains (p<0.0001) and 309 Pasteurellaceae (p≤0.012). These results indicate that a high antimicrobial selection pressure, here found to be represented by low dosages of oral prophylactic and therapeutic group medication, converts not only the commensal microbiota from the digestive tract but also the opportunistic pathogenic bacteria in the respiratory tract into reservoirs of multi-resistance. 相似文献
174.
Johannes Boonstra Paul T. Van Der Saag Wouter H. Moolenaar Siegfried W. De Laat 《Experimental cell research》1981,131(2):452-455
Nerve growth factor (NGF) induces neuronal differentiation of rat pheochromocytoma cells (PC12). Here we show that NGF causes a stimulation of Na+,K+-pump mediated K+ influx, with a maximum at 30 min after addition of NGF. The stimulation of the Na+,K+-pump is completely blocked by the Na+-flux inhibitor amiloride (0.2 mM) and can be mimicked by the Na+ ionophore monensin. These results suggest that NGF causes a rapid enhancement of Na+ influx leading to an activation of the Na+,K+-pump, a mechanism similar to the action of other growth factors. 相似文献
175.
Dietz H Bertz M Schlierf M Berkemeier F Bornschlögl T Junker JP Rief M 《Nature protocols》2006,1(1):80-84
Single-molecule methods such as force spectroscopy give experimental access to the mechanical properties of protein molecules. So far, owing to the limitations of recombinant construction of polyproteins, experimental access has been limited to mostly the N-to-C terminal direction of force application. This protocol gives a fast and simple alternative to current recombinant strategies for preparing polyproteins. We describe in detail the method to construct polyproteins with precisely controlled linkage topologies, based on the pairwise introduction of cysteines into protein structure and subsequent polymerization in solution. Stretching such constructed polyproteins in an atomic force microscope allows mechanical force application to a single protein structure via two precisely controlled amino acid positions in the functional three-dimensional protein structure. The capability for site-directed force application can provide valuable information about both protein structure and directional protein mechanics. This protocol should be applicable to almost any protein that can be point mutated. Given correct setup of all necessary reagents, this protocol can be accomplished in fewer than 10 d. 相似文献
176.
Wouter Kegge Velemir Ninkovic Robert Glinwood Rob A. M. Welschen Laurentius A. C. J. Voesenek Ronald Pierik 《Annals of botany》2015,115(6):961-970
Background and Aims Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play various roles in plant–plant interactions, and constitutively produced VOCs might act as a cue to sense neighbouring plants. Previous studies have shown that VOCs emitted from the barley (Hordeum vulgare) cultivar ‘Alva’ cause changes in biomass allocation in plants of the cultivar ‘Kara’. Other studies have shown that shading and the low red:far-red (R:FR) conditions that prevail at high plant densities can reduce the quantity and alter the composition of the VOCs emitted by Arabidopsis thaliana, but whether this affects plant–plant signalling remains unknown. This study therefore examines the effects of far-red light enrichment on VOC emissions and plant–plant signalling between ‘Alva’ and ‘Kara’.Methods The proximity of neighbouring plants was mimicked by supplemental far-red light treatment of VOC emitter plants of barley grown in growth chambers. Volatiles emitted by ‘Alva’ under control and far-red light-enriched conditions were analysed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). ‘Kara’ plants were exposed to the VOC blend emitted by the ‘Alva’ plants that were subjected to either of the light treatments. Dry matter partitioning, leaf area, stem and total root length were determined for ‘Kara’ plants exposed to ‘Alva’ VOCs, and also for ‘Alva’ plants exposed to either control or far-red-enriched light treatments.Key Results Total VOC emissions by ‘Alva’ were reduced under low R:FR conditions compared with control light conditions, although individual volatile compounds were found to be either suppressed, induced or not affected by R:FR. The altered composition of the VOC blend emitted by ‘Alva’ plants exposed to low R:FR was found to affect carbon allocation in receiver plants of ‘Kara’.Conclusions The results indicate that changes in R:FR light conditions influence the emissions of VOCs in barley, and that these altered emissions affect VOC-mediated plant–plant interactions. 相似文献
177.
Mikhail L. Antonkine Estelle M. Maes Christoph Breitenstein Christopher J. Falzone Carolyn Lubner John H. Golbeck 《BBA》2007,1767(6):712-724
Chemical rescue of site-modified amino acids using externally supplied organic molecules represents a powerful method to investigate structure-function relationships in proteins. Here we provide definitive evidence that aryl and alkyl thiolates, reagents typically used for in vitro iron-sulfur cluster reconstitutions, serve as rescue ligands to a site-specifically modified [4Fe-4S]1+,2+ cluster in PsaC, a bacterial dicluster ferredoxin-like subunit of Photosystem I. PsaC binds two low-potential [4Fe-4S]1+,2+ clusters termed FA and FB. In the C13G/C33S variant of PsaC, glycine has replaced cysteine at position 13 creating a protein that is missing one of the ligating amino acids to iron-sulfur cluster FB. Using a variety of analytical techniques, including non-heme iron and acid-labile sulfur assays, and EPR, resonance Raman, and Mössbauer spectroscopies, we showed that the C13G/C33S variant of PsaC binds two [4Fe-4S]1+,2+ clusters, despite the absence of one of the biological ligands. 19F NMR spectroscopy indicated that the external thiolate replaces cysteine 13 as a substitute ligand to the FB cluster. The finding that site-modified [4Fe-4S]1+,2+ clusters can be chemically rescued with external thiolates opens new opportunities for modulating their properties in proteins. In particular, it provides a mechanism to attach an additional electron transfer cofactor to the protein via a bound, external ligand. 相似文献
178.
179.
Hendrik Klein Grzegorz Niedźwiedzki Sebastian Voigt Abdelouahed Lagnaoui Abdelkbir Hminna Hafid Saber 《Ichnos》2013,20(1):24-30
Early Triassic chirotherian footprint assemblages from Poland, Germany, and Morocco are important for understanding archosaur evolution in the aftermath of the Permian-Triassic crisis. However, their ichnotaxonomy is confusing because various authors have interpreted their diversity differently. After an analysis and ichnotaxonomic re-assessment, the presence of the ichnogenera Brachychirotherium, Isochirotherium, and Chirotherium in these assemblages is not supported. Distant similarities with these ichnotaxa are functions of extra morphological variation and substrate-related factors. Instead, Early Triassic chirotherian footprints described under these names are assigned here to the ichnogenus Protochirotherium and to a more slender morphotype identified as Synaptichnium. In particular, Protochirotherium appears to be more widely distributed in central Pangea as a characteristic morphotype reflecting a distinct stage in archosaur evolution. Trackmakers were nonarchosaurian archosauriforms or, alternatively, stem-group crocodylians. Morphologically and temporally these footprints match the hypothetical ancestor of the Chirotherium barthii trackmaker. Chirotherium barthii appears by the beginning of the Middle Triassic. Because of its restricted stratigraphic range, and its wider distribution in central Pangea, Protochirotherium also has biostratigraphic significance for this region and can be considered as an indicator of Early Triassic-aged strata. 相似文献
180.
Autotaxin, a secreted lysophospholipase D, is essential for blood vessel formation during development 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10 下载免费PDF全文
van Meeteren LA Ruurs P Stortelers C Bouwman P van Rooijen MA Pradère JP Pettit TR Wakelam MJ Saulnier-Blache JS Mummery CL Moolenaar WH Jonkers J 《Molecular and cellular biology》2006,26(13):5015-5022
Autotaxin (ATX), or nucleotide pyrophosphatase-phosphodiesterase 2, is a secreted lysophospholipase D that promotes cell migration, metastasis, and angiogenesis. ATX generates lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a lipid mitogen and motility factor that acts on several G protein-coupled receptors. Here we report that ATX-deficient mice die at embryonic day 9.5 (E9.5) with profound vascular defects in yolk sac and embryo resembling the Galpha13 knockout phenotype. Furthermore, at E8.5, ATX-deficient embryos showed allantois malformation, neural tube defects, and asymmetric headfolds. The onset of these abnormalities coincided with increased expression of ATX and LPA receptors in normal embryos. ATX heterozygous mice appear healthy but show half-normal ATX activity and plasma LPA levels. Our results reveal a critical role for ATX in vascular development, indicate that ATX is the major LPA-producing enzyme in vivo, and suggest that the vascular defects in ATX-deficient embryos may be explained by loss of LPA signaling through Galpha13. 相似文献